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Safety Bulletin

SB34A-Wind-Chill-Chart Download

Related Bulletins

Extreme Cold Temperatures

Heat Illness

Inclement or Severe Weather

Wind Chill Chart

Safety Bulletin

SB34-Cold-Temperatures Download

Guidelines

When working in cold conditions, the two most common hazards are hypothermia and frostbite. With proper awareness and pre-planning, these hazards can be eliminated.

Hypothermia

Hypothermia is a potentially deadly condition, which results in an abnormally low body temperature. This drop in temperature occurs when the body loses heat faster than it is produced. Anyone exposed to near freezing temperatures for prolonged periods of time should be familiar in the prevention and treatment of hypothermia. A combination of cold, wet and windy conditions will result in hypothermia for anyone who is inadequately prepared and protected.

Certain conditions will increase your risk:

Improper dress for the conditions
Poor physical condition
Fatigue
Illness
Poor diet or alcohol, tobacco or drug use

An individual’s physiology may affect the body’s ability to acclimate; possibly, increasing the risk.

Early symptoms of hypothermia are often overlooked, they include:

Intense shivering
Muscle tension
Fatigue
Intense feeling of cold or numbness

To most people, these may just seem like normal consequences of exposure to winter conditions. Ignoring these early signs can be very dangerous. If you or a co-worker experience early symptoms of hypothermia, take action.

Also watch for additional behavioral signs including:

Slurred speech
Difficulty performing tasks
Loss of coordination
Lethargy
Erratic behavior, poor decisions
Irritability
Slow breathing and heart rate

At the first sign of any of these conditions, notify your supervisor and/or seek medical attention (i.e., set medic, studio hospital or medical provider) then go inside and get warm, before you attempt to complete the job or project you are working on.

Hypothermia Prevention

Preventing hypothermia is not difficult. In fact, it is much easier to avoid hypothermia than to treat it after the fact. You can prevent hypothermia if you pre-plan, know what the conditions are expected to be and plan your clothing accordingly.

Some clothing tips to remember:

Clothing does not warm you; it provides insulation to preserve your warmth. Layer your clothing
As much as half of your body heat is lost through your head and neck, so keep them covered
Keep rain and wind out of your clothing
Avoid overheating and sweating by ventilating as needed
Wool clothing is best followed by synthetics, down is okay if kept dry, but cotton is a bad choice

Food and behavior:

Watch what you eat. Minor changes to your normal behavior are an important step in preventing hypothermia
This is not the time for a starvation diet. It is important to maintain your optimal metabolism
Take extra steps to stay warm and dry by preventing exposure to wind and water

If you are working in cold weather, remember these tips:

Do not diet; give your body the appropriate nutrients
This will increase your metabolism and help keep you warm
Continue to drink fluids, water is best. No alcohol.

Consider the following:

If you do not need to be outside, go inside, even if it is only for a few minutes
If you cannot go inside, exercise, jog in place, shake your arms, these activities will increase your circulation and increase heat

If someone is showing signs of hypothermia:

Hypothermia symptoms should receive medical treatment as soon as possible
Prevent further heat loss by sheltering from exposure to wind and water
Bring the crew member inside to a warm area, if possible
Treat the crew member gently
Seek medical attention (i.e., set medic, studio hospital or medical provider)
Remove any wet clothing and replace with dry clothing
Wrap the crew member in blankets and cover their head
No caffeine, alcohol or tobacco should be used

Frostbite

Frostbite is more common than hypothermia. It is the result of the freezing of the extracellular fluid in the skin, which can permanently damage the tissue. This condition usually affects the extremities, such as the tips of fingers, the ears and nose but other exposed areas can also be affected. Like hypothermia, a combination of elements usually leads to frostbite not cold air alone. In fact, most frostbite is the result of conduction, the rapid transfer of heat, for example, touching cold metal surfaces with bare hands. Exposure to cold temperatures and wind can quickly result in frostbite.

Factors that can increase your risk of frostbite are:

Improper dress for the conditions
Poor physical condition
Fatigue
Illness
Poor diet
Alcohol
Tobacco
Drug use

Signs and Symptoms of Frostbite

Mild frostbite affects the outer skin layers and appears as a blanching or whitening of the skin. This usually disappears as warming occurs, but the skin may appear red for several hours
In severe cases the skin will appear waxy-looking with a white, gray-yellow or gray-blue color. The affected parts will have no feeling and blisters may be present. The tissue will feel frozen or “wooden”
Other indicators are; swelling, itching, burning and deep pain as the area is warmed

Frostbite Prevention

Just as with hypothermia, frostbite is much easier to prevent than it is to treat. All of the items listed above for hypothermia would also apply for frostbite.

Summary

Wear proper clothing which insulates from the cold and provides protection from wind, rain and snow
Cover your neck and head
Protect your hands and feet (mittens are warmer than gloves but may limit activity)
Keep clothing and shoes loose, to ensure good circulation
Drink plenty of fluids
Do not diet; give your body the appropriate nutrients
Alcohol, tobacco or drugs should not be used
Keep moving, do not stand still
Take breaks to go inside and warm up
Never touch a cold metal object with your bare hands

Frostbite Treatment

If you think you may have frostbite, even a mild case, immediately seek medical attention.

The following list will provide some guidelines for treating frostbite:

Get to a place where you can stay warm after thawing; do not allow the affected body area to refreeze
Seek medical attention (i.e., set medic, studio hospital or medical provider), re- warming should be conducted under medical supervision
Warm water is best for re-warming; do not rub or massage the area, or use dry heat (sunlamp, radiator, heating pad)
If blisters are present, leave them intact
No alcohol, tobacco or drugs should not be used

General Precautions

The following are some additional steps the production can take to minimize the risks:

Monitor local weather forecast information daily and conduct cold stress assessments for all areas
Provide adequate heated shelters for cast and crew
Maintain a suitable thermometer and anemometer (wind measuring device) at the site; these will be used to determine the equivalent chill temperature
Charts for establishing acceptable working conditions based on temperature and wind speed, are attached
Establish safe areas and paths, no wandering or sightseeing, this will reduce the risk of getting lost

Related Bulletins

Extreme Cold Temperatures

Heat Illness

Inclement or Severe Weather

Wind Chill Chart

Infant Actors

Safety Bulletin

SB33-Infant-Actors Download

Guidelines

This bulletin addresses special safety considerations regarding the employment of infant actors (fifteen-days to six-months old) in motion picture and television production.

Hands should be washed before and after handling infants and after changing diapers.
Applicable laws and regulations pertaining to tobacco smoke must be followed.
When using special effects smokes the producer should take steps to prevent exposure of the infant to the smoke. You should also consult Safety Bulletin: Artificial Fog and Haze.
With regard to an infant, whose employment is governed by California Laws, the responsibility for caring and attending to the infant’s health and safety is as follows:
1. Studio Teacher: “In the discharge of these responsibilities, the studio teacher shall take cognizance of such factors as working conditions, physical surroundings, signs of the minor’s mental and physical fatigue, and the demands placed upon the minor…. The studio teacher may refuse to allow the engagement of a minor on a set or location and may remove the minor therefrom, if in the judgement of the studio teacher, conditions are such as to present a danger to the health, safety or morals of the minor.”
2. Nurse: “Direct and indirect patient care services that insure the safety, comfort, personal hygiene, and protection of patients; and the performance of disease prevention.”
3. For infants subject to laws other than California’s, an appropriate person should be designated responsible for that infant’s health and safety. That person should make the determination as to whether or not a hazard exists and take appropriate action as described in this paragraph. If unsafe conditions are suspected by the Studio Teacher or nurse, a studio safety professional, if available, should be called for consultation, as required by the production’s Injury and Illness Prevention Program.
Trailer holding tanks should not be pumped while the infant is present or immediately prior to the infant’s arrival. The trailer should be well ventilated prior to the arrival of the infant.
When substances are used for altering an infant’s appearance, provisions should be made for bathing the infant.
Foods which commonly cause allergic reactions should not be used to alter the appearance of the infant’s skin, unless their use is specifically approved by a medical doctor. These foods include, but are not limited to: raspberry and strawberry jams, jellies and preserves.
Consumer products including glycerin, lubricating jellies, and cosmetics, should not be used to alter an infant’s appearance. Permission should be obtained from the parent or guardian prior to applying any substance to the infant’s skin.
Once wardrobe and props have been issued by the production for use on/with an infant, the wardrobe and props should not be reissued for another infant without laundering wardrobe and disinfecting props.
Infant accessories should not be exchanged from one infant to another without first having been sanitized, (bottles, nipples and pacifiers should not be exchanged between infants).

Note: All production personnel working with infants are urged to review the “Blue Book,” entitled “The Employment of Minors in the Entertainment Industry,” published by the Studio Teachers, Local 884, IATSE. Reference should also be made to the extensive federal and state labor laws and to any applicable collective bargaining agreements which govern the employment of child actors.

Related Bulletins

Infant Actors

Multiple Dressing Room Units

Critters

Safety Bulletin

SB31-Critters Download

Guidelines

This bulletin addresses special safety considerations when working on locations where various indigenous critters may be present. Although the types of critters may vary from region to region, basic safeguards should be taken to prevent serious injury or illness to cast and crew members.

Pre-planning

Critter awareness starts during the initial search for locations. The location manager, his or her department representative, production management, studio safety department representative and/or any medical personnel assigned to the project should consider safety precautions when pre-planning and preparing to use a location that may contain some type of indigenous critters, including identifying the type(s) of critters present, the location of nearby hospitals or medical facilities, and the availability of any anti-venom that may be required. Pre-planning may also include contacting the local zoo to see if they have the anti-venom and to alert them you will be working in the area, especially if the production will be working with animal actors that could escape. Contact should be made with local wildlife authorities such as State Fish and Game as to the protective status of indigenous critters in the area.

It is production’s responsibility to assure the safety of the indigenous critters in the filming area, and to consult the agency or persons responsible for the removal of wildlife from location sets. Any such indigenous critters that remain on the set are subject to American Humane Association (AHA) Guidelines and Procedures, including but not limited to:

Section 809.1 which states, if native animals are not to remain on the set, they must be carefully removed, relocated, or properly housed and cared for, then safely returned to their habitat after filming is complete. Only qualified and trained personnel should attempt removal of nests or hives.
Section 809.2 which states, a production may not intentionally harm and must take precautionary measures to protect nets, dens, caves, caverns, etc.
Section 809.3 which states, care must be taken to ensure that non-indigenous animals are removed from the area after the production has completed filming.

Animal actors brought to a location can be affected by other indigenous critters: this could range from distraction to life threatening situations or the transmittal of diseases between critters. Notification should be provided to the professional trainer/supplier of the animal actors.

If you have additional questions regarding the AHA’s Guidelines for the Safe Use of Animals in Filmed Media, contact the Film and Television Unit at (818) 501-0123.

General Safety Precautions

While working around critters, it is advisable to wear long pants with the pant legs tucked into socks or boots. A good boot above the ankle will provide better protection. It is also advisable to wear a long-sleeved shirt, dress in layers and wear light colors. Generally, critters are dark in color; they are spotted easily against a light background.
Avoid heavy perfumes or after-shaves as they attract some pests. Apply repellents according to label instructions on the product. Applying repellents to clothing appears to be most effective.
If a pesticide is being used to control pests, follow manufacturers’ instructions including the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) as noted on the product label and/or Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for persons applying the product or entering the treated area. Allow time for dissipation prior to using a treated location. The MSDS must be available to all cast and crew upon request.
In the case of bites or stings, serious allergic reactions are possible. If you have any known allergies, notify the set medic and/or safety representative prior to or when you first arrive at the location.
If you are bitten or stung by an indigenous critter, immediately contact the set medic. If the encounter with the indigenous critter involves a life threatening situation, call 911.
For additional precautions or questions, contact the studio safety representative, local health department, set medic or local experts in the area you will be working in.

Indigenous Critters

Since there are numerous types of critters, there is no way this Safety Bulletin can cover all of the various types. The following are some of the more commonly encountered critters on locations.

1. Ants

Are red, brown or black in color and have a three-segment body with six legs
They are found everywhere and their bites are mild to painful
Special precautions should be taken when working around red fire ants to keep from being bitten

2. Ticks

Are red, brown, or black in color and have a hard-shelled body with eight legs
Some types of ticks are very small in size and difficult to detect
They are found in open fields, overgrown vegetation, wooded areas, and on or near animals
Ticks live on deer, mice, and birds
Do not attempt to remove ticks by using lighted cigarettes, matches, nail polish, or vaseline.
If bitten, seek medical attention immediately. Ticks are known to carry many types of diseases such as tick paralysis, Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

3. Scorpions

Are tan, brown or black in color and have a hard-shelled body with eight legs, claws and a barbed tail
When a scorpion stings, it whips its tail forward over its head
They can be found under rocks or fallen wood and are most common in the desert and southwest
All stings are painful, however, very few are fatal

4. Stinging, Flying Insects (Bees, Hornets and Wasps)

Are black, yellow, or red in color and have a three-segment body with wings, and a tail stinger
They can be found everywhere and can produce a mild to painful sting which causes allergic reactions in some
If stung, seek medical attention and notify the set medic. People who are allergic should carry reaction medication
Stinging flying insects are generally dormant at night with the exception of mosquitoes
Identification of Africanized killer bees is very difficult. Remember this type of bee is very aggressive and will attack in swarms. Extreme care should be taken if a hive is located.

5. Biting Insects

Mosquitoes and Flies
- There are many different species of mosquitoes and flies in the United States. They can be found in wooded areas, near or on animals, refuse areas, or water, particularly standing water.
- These insects can carry various types of diseases. Malaria and dengue fever are not just found in tropical locations, it has been found in the United States. Asian “tiger mosquitoes” have been found in the Los Angeles area and are known to carry dengue fever.
Chiggers
- Are red, tiny and smear red when crushed
- They are prevalent throughout the southern part of the United States
- They live on the ground, around shrubs and plants, or anywhere vegetation will protect them
- They prefer shade and moist areas, but will forage for food at great distances
- They can also detect a food source from a great distance
- Chigger bites produce blisters by irritating the skin. Use chigger bite ointment to remove the itch and promote healing

6. Poisonous Spiders

Black Widow Spider
- Are black in color and have a two-segment body with eight legs and a red hour glass design on the abdomen
- They are prominent in warm climates and prefer cool, dry, and dark places
- They can produce painful to fatal bites
Brown Recluse Spider
- Are brown in color, have a two-segment body with eight legs and a violin shaped design on the abdomen
- They can produce painful to fatal bites

7. Snakes

Pit Vipers (Rattlesnakes, Copperheads, etc.)
- They come in sixteen (16) distinctive varieties
- There are numerous subspecies and color variations, but the jointed rattles on the tail can positively identify all
- While most are concentrated in the southwest U.S., they have extended north, east, and south in diminishing numbers and varieties so that every contiguous state has one or more varieties
- Pit Vipers produce painful to fatal bites and do not have to be coiled to strike. For example, a rattlesnake can strike out for one-half of its body length
Other Exotic Snakes
- When working in other foreign locations that have various other exotic snakes indigenous to the area (cobra, black mamba, etc.), these snakes produce fatal bites; therefore, the location of anti-venom is extremely important
- Different anti-venom will be required for various species
- Consult with local experts and governmental authorities
If Bitten by a Snake
- Seek immediate medical attention
- Attempt to note the time and area of body bitten
- Immediately immobilize the body part affected
- Do not apply a tourniquet, incise the wound, or attempt to suck out the venom
- Do not allow the victim to engage in physical activity
Tips for Snake Avoidance
- Always look where you are putting your feet and hands
- Never reach into a hole, crevices in rock piles, under rocks, or dark places where a snake may be hiding. If you need to turn over rocks, use a stick
- Attempt to stay out of tall grass, if you can. Walk in cleared spots as much as possible. Step on logs, not over them so that you can first see whether there is a rattlesnake concealed below on the far side
- Be cautious when picking up equipment, coiled cables, and bags left on the ground
- Never pick up a snake or make quick moves if you see or hear a rattle. If bitten by a snake, remember what it looked like. Various snakes require different anti-venoms
- Remember that rattlers are protectively colored (camouflaged)
- On hot summer days, rattlesnakes can become nocturnal and come out at night when you do not expect it. Care should be taken when working at night after a hot summer day
- Other types of snakes indigenous to the United States are cottonmouth and coral snakes. These snakes can produce fatal bites and can become very aggressive

8. Alligator and Crocodiles

Can be found in various waterways around the world
They have been known to attack large animals and humans and will exit the water to attack prey on the shoreline
They can be found in both fresh and salt water
Both the alligator and crocodile have been known to ambush their victims

9. Sharks, Sea Urchins, Rays, Scorpion Fish, Jellyfish and Other Exotic Marine Life

When working around water environment, you may contact and consult with local experts, Studio safety representatives or medical staff to become familiar with the critters in or around the water environment in question.

10. Rodents

Locations that may involve the use of alleyways, beneath bridges, tunnels, abandoned buildings, or other structures, may involve potential contact with rats, squirrels and other rodents
They can carry various types of diseases, which can be contracted if bitten by one of these critters
Refer to the Safety Bulletin on “Preparing Urban Locations” for precautions and clean up of locations that may have these types of rodents present

Related Bulletins

Critters

Poisonous Plants

Railroads

Urban Exterior Locations

Water Hazards

Edged, Piercing and Projectile Props

Safety Bulletin

SB30-Edged-Piercing-and-Projectile-Props Download

Guidelines

These guidelines are intended to provide recommendations on the safe handling, use and storage of edged, piercing, and projectile props (hereinafter referred to as Props). These Props include, but are not limited to: knives, swords, razors, darts, bows and arrows, hatchets, saws, spears, martial arts throwing stars, cross bows and other objects launched mechanically, or by hand, including paintballs and pellets.

Responsible Person

A “Responsible Person” is someone who through experience or training is able to recognize and resolve problems relating to the safe operation and handling of Props.

Depending on the type and use of Props required for the production, and after consultation with one or more of the following personnel: Property Master, Stunt Coordinator, Special Effects Coordinator, Producer, First Assistant Director, Production Safety Representative, and/or any other necessary parties, a Responsible Person (or Persons) shall be assigned to oversee the safe use and operation of Props.

Authority

The Responsible Person will have the authority over the following operations, including, but not limited to:

Designating individuals under the Responsible Person’s supervision to assist as necessary;
Removing a malfunctioning Prop from service;
Determining whether an actor, or other, has experience in the safe handling of the Prop;
Ensuring performers are educated or comfortable in the functionality or operation and potential hazards associated with the Prop; and
Exercising the authority to abort the use of a Prop.

Responsibilities

The Responsible Person or designated individual should do the following:

Ensure proper storage, possession, control and distribution of all Props on the set, whether company owned, rented, or privately owned. Be qualified to work with the types of Props being used, and be knowledgeable in their handling, use and safekeeping. If unfamiliar with a Prop, expert advice should be sought.
Use simulated or dummy Props whenever possible.
Adhere to all manufacturers and Authority Having Jurisdiction requirements regarding transportation, storage and use of Props.
Ensure performers are instructed in the functionality operation, and potential hazards associated with the Prop.
Inspect each Prop before and after each use, as necessary.
Retain possession of all props except during actual filming or rehearsal. Account for each prop before personnel are allowed to leave the area. The production company should allow time in its schedule for this procedure.
Clean, check and inventory each Prop before the close of each day’s shooting.

Prior to Rehearsal and Filming

Maintain all safety devices and guards (such as sheathes) in place, until the Prop is about to be used
Inspect the area in which the action is to be rehearsed or filmed, with special attention to the surfaces on which the performers will be standing, to identify and mitigate potential hazards
Prior to rehearsing the action, inform the cast and crew of the safety precautions to be observed, including their positions during rehearsing and filming.

Safety Meeting

The First Assistant Director should, along with the Responsible Person and other necessary personnel, conduct a safety meeting with cast and crew prior to working around Props.

Make cast and crew aware of the Responsible Person (or designee) authorized to handle the Props.

Safety meeting topics may include, but are not limited to:

Communicating to all involved personnel, including performers, the intended action, need for increased awareness, possible changes, any visual or audio signals to be used;
After each use, no one shall approach or enter the area in which edged, piercing or projectile Props are in use other than the Responsible Person(s), until it is declared safe. This includes testing, rehearsals and filming.
Identify cast, including Background Performers, that are authorized to use a Prop.

The Responsible Person should be notified of any changes or concerns in the use of the Props, action of the cast or crew, or placement of equipment in order to determine whether an additional safety meeting is necessary.

Safe Use and Handling of Props

Real or fake Props shall be strong enough that they will not accidentally break into dangerous pieces when being used for their intended purpose. It is best to use dulled or blunted Props made to order for use as Props, as dulling a sharp Prop can lessen its tensile strength. Sharpened Props should only be used when the appearance of cutting or piercing cannot be otherwise simulated. Sharpened Props should only be used by those trained, qualified, or experienced in the use of the Prop.
Props used to strike other weapons or other hard surfaces should be made of steel or high-tensile aluminum. The use of fiberglass Props in such situations should be avoided.
The use of a rubber “double” should be considered, depending on the action, and after consultation with the Responsible Person.
The use of Props should be limited to filming and rehearsals supervised by qualified personnel. Use these Props only for their intended purpose. Do not engage in, or permit, horseplay or target practice on or off the set.
Never allow the dry fire of archery equipment.
No person is to be coaxed, coerced or forced into handling these Props.
Consult the Responsible Person or designee, First Assistant Director, Production Safety Representative or Stunt Coordinator, if you have any doubts or questions about the proper handling of these Props. Actors and others who will handle an edged, piercing or projectile Prop, and claim prior knowledge, will be required to demonstrate their experience in the safe handling of the Prop to one of the persons listed in the preceding sentence.
Know where and what your target is at all times. Do not release the Prop unless you have a clear view of your target.
Identify the individual designated to cue the use of a Prop. Use a cue that can be recognized even during photography. Never propel a Prop until you receive the designated cue. Always have an agreed upon abort signal, in case it is necessary to abort the use of a Prop.
Report any malfunctions of equipment to the Responsible Person or designee immediately. Do not attempt to adjust, modify or repair equipment yourself. It is best to have a duplicate immediately available. Malfunctioning equipment should be taken out of service until properly repaired by a person qualified to do so.
Never lay down or leave these Props unattended. Unless actively filming or rehearsing, all Props should be secured by the Responsible Person.
Cast and crew should use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when exposed to these Props.

All state and federal safety regulations are applicable and override these guidelines if they are more stringent.

Additional Considerations

Allow sufficient time to train performers and to rehearse the action so that everyone involved knows what their part in the action will be.

Keep all non-essential personnel out of the rehearsal area.

Hot Air Balloons – External Loads

Safety Bulletin

SB29A-External-Loads-on-Hot-Air-Balloons Download

Guidelines

Traditional ballooning motion picture activities include air to ground transfers, air to surface vehicles or persons, rappelling, parachuting, long line and many other scenarios where essential personnel may be required outside of the balloon basket or gondola.

Stunt persons and camera operators are often called upon to stand outside of or hang from the basket or gondola, cargo hooks, trapeze devices, bungee cords, cables, ladders, long lines, etc.

Safe completion of these operations require the complete understanding and coordination of all parties involved, i.e. the Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command, Designated Production Representative, Stunt Persons, Stunt Riggers, Balloon Riggers, Special Effects and Grip Riggers, and essential ground crew.

The Pilot in Command is at all times the final authority over his/her balloon and shall be in command over his/hers flight operations and/or related activities. The Pilot in Command and/or Aerial Coordinator shall have the authority to abort any flight operation in the interest of safety.
Risk Management: Participants will conduct a thorough evaluation of the operations to be conducted and the potential risks to essential personnel, if any.
Personnel Involved: Aerial Coordinators and/or Pilot in Command (Waiver Holder), essential personnel to be flown, stunt persons, balloon rigging, safety and production personnel.
Briefing: Briefings will be conducted by the Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command (Waiver Holder) specific to the scheduled balloon external load operations and in compliance with the approved Motion Picture Operations Manual, briefing provisions.
Communication: Communication must exist at all times between the Pilot in Command, stunt person(s), camera operator and the essential personnel being flown. This can be accomplished through the use of radios, intercoms or pre-briefed hand signals. Additionally, in the event of lost communications the pilot must be able to maintain visual contact with the stunt person or camera operator. If visual contact cannot be maintained, then a third party who can maintain visual contact will be used. This person may be onboard the balloon, on the ground, or in a chase aircraft.
Attaching Methods and Devices: Belts, harnesses, cables and safety lines will be attached to existing balloon basket or gondola hard points, cargo tie down points, basket or gondola bridles, or other suitable basket or gondola locations. Attaching devices, cables, carabineers, braided nylon, climbing rope, nylon straps, steel clevises, body harnesses, etc. are normally provided by the motion picture special effects and stunt personnel. All of the above devices have load ratings established by the manufacturer in compliance with various industry and government specifications and established Motion Picture Safety Guidelines. Note: A person will never be attached to a load release device.
Weight and Balance: Due to the nature of balloon external loads involving essential persons or equipment, diligent review and compliance with the manufacturer’s maximum weight data is required. This can also be accomplished through consultation with pilots having previous experience with similar balloon configuration or through a flight evaluation.
Pilot Check List:
1. Balloon
  1. Load bearing capacity and method of securing of all attaching devices related to the external load.
  2. Verification of load bearing capacity and anticipated loads on the basket or gondola attach points to be utilized.
  3. Accomplish Weight and Balance of the external load, including, if necessary, the possible release or departure of the external load.
2. Personnel
  1. Verify that only essential personnel are onboard the balloon.
  2. Confirm with essential personnel specific duties and responsibilities.
  3. Verify all communications and check audio and/or hand signals.
  4. Review emergency procedures specific to the external load operation with all essential personnel.
  5. Review any potential risk factor, if any, with the essential personnel.
  6. No essential personnel may participate in airplane external load operations unless they have read, understood, and agreed to comply with the conditions of the Waiver Holders, Certificate of Waiver and its special provisions, if any.
Parachutes: If parachutes are to be used, they must be of an FAA approved type and must have been packed and certified within the preceding 120 days. While wearing a parachute the stunt person must not be attached to the balloon. An accidental parachute opening while attached to the balloon could have serious negative effect on the aircraft and parachutist.
Rappelling:
1. Pilot Qualifications:
  1. Qualifications on the basis of previous experience and safety record, or an actual light, demonstrating the pilot’s knowledge and skill regarding rappelling, and operations.
2. Rappeller Qualifications:
  1. Rappellers and Spotters (Stunt Persons) will be required to demonstrate their ability during required familiarization flights.
  2. The Waiver Holder and/or Pilot will have the authority to withhold approval of any rappeller or spotter (stunt person).
3. Rappelling Special Provisions:
  1. The Pilot in Command (Waiver Holder) has the authority to cancel or delete any activity or event, if in their opinion, the safety of persons, or property on the ground or in the air is at risk, or if there is a contravention to the provisions of the Motion Picture Waiver.
4. Rappelling Equipment:
  1. Rope size appropriate to the rappel (friction) device being used, will be required for all rappel operations.
  2. Rope strength for each specific load, a safety factor of 10:1 between the strength of the weakest piece of attaching equipment and the load to be carried will be utilized.
  3. The absolute minimum tensile strength of any rappel rope will be 5000 lbs., tested to NFPA and/or other regulatory standards.
  4. Ropes will have a rubber jacket or other appropriate edge protection to give protection on basket or gondola edges when using basket or gondola attach points.
  5. Carabineers, steel or aluminum must have a minimum tensile strength of 5000 lbs., be of a locking type and be tested to NFPA and/or other regulatory standards.
  6. Cutting devices, knifes, cable cutters, etc. shall be sufficient to cut any attaching device will be provided to the spotter or safety person(s) for use in an emergency.
  7. Rappel ropes will have a minimum of two (2) attach points per rope with test strengths greater than or equal to 5000 lbs. per rappeller.

Hot Air Balloons

Safety Bulletin

SB29-Hot-Air-Balloons Download

Guidelines

The flying accuracy of a Hot Air Balloon may be adversely affected by changing natural conditions such as wind, air density, humidity and time of day. Special precautions should be taken to ensure safety when working in any extreme temperatures or terrain, e.g., mountains and deserts. Manmade conditions such as weight, weight distribution and/or the discharge of pyrotechnics in close proximity can also affect the balloon’s ability to fly.

Any Balloon that is inflated and standing must have a FAA certified pilot, with a commercial rating for lighter than air aircraft. A qualified Pilot shall be utilized to pilot the balloon or dirigible.
There are three (3) certified pilot ratings:
1. Free Balloon with airborne heaters (usually propane fueled)
2. Gas filled Balloon (usually helium filled)
3. Dirigible (usually helium filled)
All Aerial Coordinators and/or Pilots in Command shall possess a current FAA approved Motion Picture and Television Operations Manual and accompanying Waiver. The Waiver is specific to those Federal Aviation Regulations specified in the approved manual.
The Pilot in Command is at all times the final authority over his/her balloon and shall be in command over all flight operations and/or related activities. The Pilot in Command shall have the authority to abort any operation. Abort signals should be specified ahead of time.
Communications: The Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command will coordinate with the designated production representative and implement a plan for communications between the participants in the air and on the ground. The plan will incorporate the following:
1. Designated ground contact personnel
2. Air to ground radios (VHF or FM)
3. Assignment of discreet frequencies (channels)
4. Visual signals (flags, specified hand signals, or light) shall be used to halt filming in the event of lost communications or inability to utilize radios (note: flares are not to be used in or around a balloon)
5. Abort signals, audible and visual to halt filming in the event of unforeseen circumstances or safety hazards
Prepare plot plans and graphics to locate the intended landing area, intended flight paths, and designated emergency landing sites. Indicate the location and types of special effects.
MEETING for the production staff for those persons necessary for filming, including emergency, safety and security personnel. Note: A subsequent briefing/SAFETY MEETING may also be required as necessary for an intended action. Both meetings shall include the following:
1. Pertinent items and the special provisions of the Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command along with any additional provisions issued by the local FAA Flight Standards District Office
2. Possible risk to personnel that are involved
3. Safeguards to personnel and equipment
4. Communications
5. Emergency procedures
6. Location of boundaries
7. Local governmental limitations or restrictions (if any)
The Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command shall designate one person as the Ground safety contact with no other responsibilities. The Balloon Crew Chief may be designated as the ground safety contact around the balloon, if qualified.
A preplanned stunt and/or special effect sequence, if any, will not be changed in any way once the Balloon has been launched. If there is a question as to safety of any aerial filming sequence involving low, over-the-camera shots, a briefing/safety meeting shall be held between the Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command and concerned persons as to whether the use of a locked-off camera is necessary.
Allow only personnel essential to the filming of the balloon to be in the area. All other personnel shall remain at least 50 feet away from the balloon.
No smoking is allowed within 100 feet of the balloon or any of its components, which includes the propane storage area.
There shall be a designated and approved area for the storage of propane fuel tanks (usually with or at the support vehicle location).
Check on predicted weather conditions in the areas of the launch site, flight paths, and landing site. Provide as much advance notice as possible to the Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command regarding any weather problems such as high winds, rain or lightning. Sudden changes in any of the above may require that the flight be delayed or canceled.
Balloon support equipment is very important as parts are easily damaged while on the ground. Do not step on any part of the balloon or tether ropes.
Keep all sharp objects, heat sources or open flames and non-essential equipment at least 100 feet from the balloon.
If a foreign object(s) falls into, on or against any part of the Balloon or rigging, report it immediately to the Pilot in Command and/or Aerial Coordinator.
A chase vehicle shall be assigned with no other duty than to support the balloon crew.
Before any stunt or special effects sequence is to be performed, all persons involved shall be thoroughly briefed as to any potential hazards and safety questions prior to the filming.
If an emergency occurs, do not touch any part of the balloon. A designated balloon ground crew member will take charge and coordinate rescue operations. Immediately call 911 or the designated emergency number for the area.
If you are unsure about any part of the balloon operation, ask the Pilot in Command and/or Aerial Coordinator.
The production company must notify all cast and crew members and the front of the studio call sheet shall contain a statement to the effect that: ”An aircraft is being used and will be flown in close proximity to crew and equipment. Anyone objecting will notify the production manager or 1st AD prior to any filming.”

Railroads

Safety Bulletin

SB28-Railroads Download

Guidelines

These guidelines are recommendations for safely engaging in rail work, i.e., working onboard trains, in railroad yards, subways and elevated systems, or in the vicinity of railroad equipment.

Railroads are private property requiring the railroad’s authorization to enter. Once authorization is given, everyone on scene must follow the railroad’s safety procedures to reduce hazards.

There are strict rules governing rail work. These rules must be communicated to and followed by all cast and crew. Check with the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ) and with the owner/operator for local regulations, specific guidelines, and required training. Additionally, each railroad property or transportation agency may have its own rules and training requirements. In many cases, everyone must receive training.

PRIOR TO THE START OF RAIL WORK

Prior to starting rail work, the Production, in conjunction with the railroad representative, will conduct a safety meeting with all involved personnel to acquaint cast and crew members with possible workplace risks.

Consult with the appropriate Department Heads to determine if equipment, such as lighting, grip equipment, props, set dressing, electric generators or other equipment will be used. When using these items, ensure that they are properly secured and their use has been authorized by the railroad representative.

Plan proper ventilation and exhaust when using electric generators. Electrical bonding may be necessary.

Ensure conditions and weight loads of the work area and adjacent roads used for camera cars, camera cranes, horses, etc. are adequate for the intended work.

WORKING IN A RAIL YARD

Always follow the instructions of the designated railroad representative, and any written work or safety rules distributed by production.
Remain alert and aware of your surroundings at all times. Locomotives, railroad cars and other equipment may move without warning on any track in either direction. Never assume a train will be traveling in a particular or “normal” direction on any track.
If working around electrified train equipment, be aware of any “third rails” or overhead lines present in the area. A third rail is an electrified line that presents an immediate life threatening hazard. Never approach, step on or touch an energized third rail. For more detailed information see “Working on or Around Electrified Trains or Systems” below.
ANSI compliant high visibility vests are to be worn at all times. For specific information on vests please refer to AMPTP Safety Bulletin #21, Guidelines for Appropriate Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment.
Ankle-supported, reinforced-toe, work boots/shoes are recommended. Sandals, sneakers, and running shoes should not be worn.
Ask the designated railroad representative where to store production equipment. Extra care should be taken when storing hazardous or flammable materials.
DO NOT RELY ON OTHERS TO WARN YOU of approaching locomotives, rail cars or other equipment. Even if personnel have been assigned to provide warning, stay alert. You may not hear or see the warning.
When whistle or flag signals are to be used to communicate, everyone must be familiar with their meaning. The railroad representative or 1st AD shall educate cast and crew as to the meaning of these signals prior to commencement of work.
Listen for the sound of approaching locomotives or rail cars, as well as audible signals, such as bells or whistles. Trains typically use such signaling devices before moving, but do not assume that such warnings will be sounded.
Be aware that the train is significantly wider than the track’s width. 15 feet from either side of the tracks is considered a safe distance. Closer distances need to be approved by the designated railroad representative.
Always face moving trains as they pass.
Never sit, walk or stand on the rails, ties, switch gear, guardrails or other parts of the track or structure. Be aware that tracks can move.
Before crossing tracks look backwards and at parallel tracks. Once determined to be clear, cross immediately.
Do not place any objects on the rails, switches, guardrails or other parts of the track structure. If the performance of any of these activities is required for production purposes, specific permission must be obtained from the designated railroad representative and additional safety precautions may be required.
Whenever you are walking, always face in the direction in which you are proceeding. Be aware of possible trip hazards and debris. If it is necessary to turn your head or look backward, stop and look before proceeding.
When using radios/cell phones or referring to paperwork, step away from the tracks, stop walking, and stand still until you are finished.
Do not operate switches or other railroad equipment.
Take extra precautions if rain, snow or ice is present. Snow may conceal trip hazards. Avoid walking or working under icicles. Walkways, platforms, steps, etc., should be clear of ice and snow.

RIDING RAILROAD EQUIPMENT

Riding on equipment should be restricted to essential personnel.
Never attempt to get on or off moving equipment, unless authorized by the designated railroad representative.
Only authorized personnel may ride on the side of a locomotive or rail car.
Remain alert for conditions that can cause abrupt changes in speed, e.g., train braking, changes in grade, wet or icy tracks, and entering or leaving a rail yard or train station.
Be alert for conditions that can cause slack action (e.g. train brake, change in grade or change in speed). Protect yourself by remaining seated and with both feet on the ground. If duties require you to stand, keep your feet shoulder width apart, one foot slightly ahead of the other, with hands braced on the wall or grab bar.

WORKING ON, INSIDE OR UNDER RAILROAD EQUIPMENT

Remain alert for the unexpected movement of equipment.
Observe the condition of equipment before using it. Look for sharp edges or other potential hazards including loose, bent or missing stirrups, ladder rungs and brake platforms.
Face equipment as you ascend or descend equipment. Look for obstructions before ascending or descending.
Dismount or mount equipment only when it is stopped, unless authorized by the designated railroad representative.
When moving from one side to the other of a stopped train, you may safely cross in front of the first locomotive or behind the final car. Crossing mid-train may only be done on locomotives or rail cars that are equipped with handrails and end platforms. Never cross the tracks between or under cars, unless authorized.
Do not move from one rail car to another rail car while the train is in motion, unless authorized by the designated railroad representative.
Cross between passenger cars by holding on to railings and grab bars. Remain aware of walking surface conditions.
Blue Flag Rules are special rules to inhibit train movement. These rules protect personnel working on a car, train or track. Anyone can request a “Blue Flag” to be set by the designated railroad representative. Once the blue flag is set, the train cannot move for any reason until the blue flag is removed.

WORKING ON OR AROUND ELECTRIFIED TRAINS OR SYSTEMS

Transit systems and trains are commonly powered by electricity. The most common methods of electric power come in the form of electrified “third rails” or overhead catenary lines.
Voltages can range from 600-V or 750-V for electric third rail systems to over 14,000-V for overhead catenary systems.
Never touch an electric third rail or any supporting electrical equipment. Always be aware of electric third rails and always assume they are energized until verified otherwise.
A safe clearance distance as determined by the rail system operator and approved by the designated railroad representative must be maintained when working in the vicinity of an electric third rail. If it is absolutely necessary to work within the established safe distance to the third rail and the possibility exists that personnel or equipment may contact the rail, appropriate measures as determined by the designated railroad representative must be implemented to eliminate the electrical hazard. Appropriate measures may include methods such as, de-energizing, locking-out, and grounding the third rail; covering the third rail with rubber mats approved by the rail system operator; etc. All third rail protective measures should be performed by approved railroad personnel.
Always assume that an overhead catenary line is energized until verified otherwise. ONLY RAILROAD OR ELECTRIC COMPANY PERSONNEL MAY DE-ENERGIZE AND VERIFY CATENARY LINES.
When overhead catenary lines cannot be de-energized, a clearance distance minimum of 10-feet must be maintained at all times, unless approved by the designated railroad representative. Be mindful of any booms, ladders, sticks, or production equipment that could inadvertently make contact with the overhead lines.
Never touch any train equipment that is attached to the overhead catenary line. The “pantograph” extends from the train to the overhead line. This piece of equipment should always be considered live as it carries current. Never touch the pantograph, even if it is in the retracted position.

SUBWAYS AND ELEVATED TRAIN SYSTEMS

Subways and elevated trains present unique hazards and caution must be taken at all times when working within tunnels and on elevated tracks.
Never enter a subway tunnel, elevated track, or other prohibited area, without authorization and clearance from the designated railroad representatives. Do not touch any equipment within the tunnels or elevated tracks as they may present numerous hazards, such as electricity.
Be aware of exit and escape routes as well as your surroundings. Listen for the sounds of approaching trains. Always face and watch approaching trains on adjacent tracks.
Know the location of the electric third rail and/or overhead catenary lines. Be aware that catenary lines in tunnels may be much lower than on above- ground systems. In this case, use caution when carrying equipment.
Be mindful of insects and animals, including rodents, which are commonly present in subway tunnels.
When working on elevated structures, determine if guardrails or other appropriate fall protection systems are needed.

SPECIAL NOTE ON AUTOMATED TRAIN SYSTEMS

Some transit systems, (e.g., airport and amusement park people movers) are automated, meaning that they do not rely on onboard operators or engineers. Automated systems present unique hazards as there is usually no person on board to warn or stop the train if someone or something is on the track.

NEVER enter into an automated system when it is operational. If the production requires the filming of an automated system, a safety plan must be developed with the system owner/operator to ensure safety of all parties.

Related Bulletins

Critters

Poisonous Plants

Railroads

Urban Exterior Locations

Water Hazards

Urban Exterior Locations

Safety Bulletin

SB26-Urban-Exterior-Locations Download

Guidelines

Urban locations such as alleyways, beneath bridges, tunnels, abandoned structures, storm channels and other locations may present health risks and other hazards, which can be mitigated prior to the Production Company prepping and/or shooting at the location. These guidelines are intended to provide recommendations to prepare urban locations for filming.

Hazard Identification

The Production Company should conduct an assessment of the urban location to identify possible hazards to the health and safety of cast and crew. Potential hazards may include:

Biohazards: Human or animal waste, mold, fungus, bacteria, body fluids, vermin, insects, and other potential biohazards.
Chemical Hazards: Asbestos, lead paint, solvents, insecticides, herbicides, and other potentially harmful chemicals.
Physical Hazards: Rubbish, refuse, abandoned materials, broken glass, scrap metals, discarded needles, other waste or utility/electrical lines that can create a potential physical hazard.

The Production Company should evaluate the type and scope of hazards and, if necessary, create a plan to mitigate the hazards prior to the crew’s arrival at the location.

Production should secure, if necessary, the services of an industrial hygienist or other appropriate professional capable of conducting necessary analysis to determine the type and scope of hazards present at the location.

Physical Mitigation

The Production Company should take necessary steps to minimize exposure of cast and crew to the aforementioned hazards. Such steps may include, but are not limited to, power washing, steam cleaning, removal of refuse and rubbish, fumigation, and use of chemical disinfectant(s). Because of the nature of such locations, production should consider securing the location during and after mitigation procedures.

In some cases, the type and/or scope of hazards present at the urban location may necessitate the use of a licensed contractor certified in the proper handling and removal of the offending substances and materials.

Electrical cables, props, and other equipment used at the location should be protected where practical. Cables should be supported off the ground whenever possible.

Protective ground cover, such as layout board or other material, should be positioned in work areas to minimize contact with potentially affected areas. Props and equipment that come in contact with the ground should be disinfected. Washing facilities should be available for the cast and crew – who should be reminded to wash periodically and before meals. Long pants, long sleeved shirts, and hard-soled shoes are recommended to minimize contact. Proper personal protective equipment should be provided and used.

Location Maintenance

If possible, the urban location should be locked-off and secured to maintain the cleanliness of the set. If that is not practical, Production should conduct daily cleaning activities before crew call to remove any sources of exposure or hazards that accumulated during the Production Company’s absence.

Additional Concerns

Some mitigation procedures may cause objections from local authorities or the community. The Production Company should first check with local agencies to insure that their preparation activities do not violate local ordinances.