#bulletin

Fixed-Wing Aircraft – External Loads

Safety Bulletin

SB11A-External-Loads-on-Fixed-Wing-Aircrafts Download

Guidelines

An Airplane External Load is equipment or essential personnel that may be required outside the airplane in flight, including wing walkers, parachutists, cameramen, stunt persons, etc. Stunt persons are often suspended from landing gear struts, wing struts, trapeze devices, bungee cords or cables and perform various types of air to air transfers, air to ground transfers and air to surface vehicles transfers. Safe completion of these traditional motion picture activities require the complete understanding and coordination of all parties involved, i.e., the Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command, the Designated Production Representative, Stunt Persons, Stunt Riggers, Airplane Riggers, Special Effects and Grip Riggers and essential ground crew.
The Pilot in Command is at all times the final authority over his/her airplane and shall be in command over his/hers flight operations and/or related activities. The Pilot in Command and/or Aerial Coordinator shall have the authority to abort any flight operation in the interest of safety.
Risk Management: Participants will conduct a thorough evaluation of the operations to be conducted and the potential risk to essential personnel, if any.
Personnel Involved: Aerial Coordinator and /or Pilot in Command, essential personnel to be flown, airplane rigging, safety and production personnel.
Briefing: Briefings will be conducted by the Aerial Coordinator and /or Pilot in Command, specific to the scheduled airplane external load operations and in compliance with the approved Motion Picture Operations Manual, briefing provisions.
Communication: Communication must exist at all times between the Pilot in Command and the essential personnel being flown. This can be accomplished through the use of radios, intercoms or pre-briefed hand signals. Additionally, in the event of lost communications, the pilot must be able to maintain visual contact with the stunt person or cameraman. If visual contact cannot be maintained, then a third party, who can maintain visual contact, will be used. This person may be onboard the aircraft, on the ground, or in a chase aircraft.
Attaching Methods and Devices: All personnel must be attached to the aircraft while in flight, unless those persons are performing an essential function outside the aircraft requiring them to depart the aircraft in flight, e.g. parachuting or transfers. Seat belts, cables and safety lines will be attached to existing aircraft hard points, seat belt attach points, cargo tie down points, or other suitable airframe locations. Attaching devices, cables, carabineers, braided nylon climbing rope, nylon straps, steel clevises, body harnesses, etc. are normally provided by the motion picture special effects and stunt personnel. All of the above attaching devices have load ratings established by the manufacturer in compliance with various industry and government specifications and established Motion Picture Safety Guidelines. Note: A person will never be attached to a load release device.
Parachutes: If parachutes are to be utilized, they must be of an FAA approved type, must have been packed and certified within the preceding 120 days. While wearing a parachute the stunt person must not be attached to the aircraft except during takeoff and landing. An accidental parachute opening while attached to the airplane could have serious negative effect on the aircraft and parachutist.
Weight and Balance: Due to the nature of airplane external loads involving persons or equipment, the longitudinal C.G. (center of gravity) considerations are nominal and can be easily calculated using the manufacturers’ weight and balance data. Conversely, the majority of airplane external loads involving persons and/or equipment are more likely to affect the lateral weight and balance. Airplane manufacturers normally do not provide lateral C.G. charts or limits. Therefore, it is essential to determine what effect a wing walker or other essential personnel exterior to the airplane will have on the lateral C.G., prior to attaching them to a specific location. This can be accomplished through consultation with pilots having previous experience with similar aircraft and configuration or through a flight evaluation.
Pilots Check List
1. Aircraft
  1. Load-bearing capacity and method of securing of all attaching devices related to the external load.
  2. Verification of load bearing capacity and anticipated loads on the airframe attachment points to be utilized.
  3. Accomplish Weight and Balance of the external load, including if necessary, the possible release or departure of the external load.
2. Personnel
  1. Verify that only essential personnel are onboard the aircraft.
  2. Confirm essential personnel specific duties and responsibilities.
  3. Communications check, audio and hand.
  4. Review emergency procedures specific to the external load operation with all essential personnel.
  5. Review potential risk, if any, with the essential personnel.
  6. No essential personnel may participate in airplane external load operations unless they have read, understood and agreed to comply with the conditions of the Waiver Holders, Certificate of Waiver and its special provisions, if any.

Fixed-Wing Aircraft

Safety Bulletin

SB11-Fixed-Wing-Aircraft Download

Guidelines

Fixed wing aircraft (i.e., aircraft, gliders, ultra lights) flying may be adversely affected by changing natural conditions such as wind, temperature and time of day. Manmade conditions such as weight, externally mounted equipment and the discharge of pyrotechnics and/or smoke can also affect the pilots ability to fly safely. Special precautions should be taken to ensure safety when working around aircraft that are operating in close proximity to camera, cast and crew, including taxiing, take off and landing.

All Aerial Coordinators and/or Pilots in Command shall possess a current FAA approved Motion Picture and Television Operations Manual and accompanying Waiver. The Waiver is specific to those Federal Aviation Regulations specified in the approved manual. Additionally, a copy of the FAA required Plan of Activity and approved Motion Picture and Television Operations Manual will be available to the Production Company prior to all fixed-wing operations.
The Pilot in Command is at all times the final authority over his/her airplane and shall be in command over his/her flight operations and/or related activities.
Communications: The Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command will coordinate with the designated production representative and implement a plan for communications between the participants in the air and on the ground. The plan will incorporate the following:
1. Designated ground contact personnel.
2. Air to ground radios, VHF or FM.
3. Assignment of discreet frequencies (channels).
4. Visual signals (flags, specified hand signals, light or flare) shall be used to halt filming in the event of lost communications or inability to utilize radios.
5. Abort signals, audible and visual to halt filming in the event of unforeseen circumstances or safety hazards.
Necessary Crew and Persons Authorized: Flight operations closer than 500 feet to persons will include only those persons consenting to be in close proximity to the aircraft and who are directly involved and necessary for the filming. The Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command and the designated production and security personnel will maintain an area perimeter to insure that no authorized persons are allowed within 500 feet of the flight operations.
A preplanned stunt or special effect sequence will not be changed in any way without the authorization of the Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command.
At the start of each day’s filming the Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command and the designated production representative will conduct a briefing/safety meeting for the production staff of those persons necessary for filming, including emergency, safety and security personnel. A subsequent briefing/safety meeting may also be required as necessary for an intended action. Both meetings shall include the following:
1. Pertinent items and the special provisions of the Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command(s) Motion Picture and Television Operations Manual and accompanying Waiver along with any additional provisions issued by the local FAA Flight Standards District Office.
2. Possible risk to personnel that are involved.
3. Safeguards to personnel and equipment.
4. Communications.
5. Emergency procedures.
6. Location of boundaries.
7. Local governmental limitations or restrictions, if any.
The Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command shall designate one person as the Ground safety contact with no other responsibilities.
If there is a question as to safety of any aerial filming sequence involving low, over-the-camera shots, a briefing/safety meeting shall be held between the Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command and concerned persons as to whether the use of a locked-off camera is necessary.
Aircraft engines shall not be started and the aircraft shall not be taxied in spectator, cast or crew areas unless appropriate measures are taken to preclude creating a hazard to spectators, cast or crew.
Cast, crew and equipment shall be protected from debris thrown back by airplanes taxiing out or taking off.
If an aircraft is being filmed with the engine running, adequate safety precautions shall be taken in connection with activity in front of the propeller, which includes designated ground personnel.
No smoking is permitted within one hundred feet (100′) of the aircraft or fuel support truck.
Aircraft structures can be damaged easily while on the ground. Never push, handle, sit on or in, or lay any objects of any kind on an aircraft without the pilot’s permission.
If a foreign object falls into or against an aircraft, report it immediately to the Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command.
Each end of an operational runway or landing area should be cleared during take-off and landing and appropriate safety precautions should be taken as to the placement of camera equipment when filming the take-off or landing.
Low level acrobatic maneuvers shall be conducted in a direction, which will most nearly parallel the boundaries of the designated crew and equipment area or in a direction away from such areas.
When working on location or utilizing Department of Defense aircraft, local agencies, regional police, fire, or park department regulations or military guidelines may vary from this bulletin. The more stringent guidelines will always be in effect. Additionally permits may be required for landing or refueling operations.
The production company must notify all cast and crew members and the front of the studio call sheet shall contain a statement to the effect that: “An aircraft is being used and will be flown in close proximity to crew and equipment. Anyone objecting will notify the production manager or 1st AD prior to any filming.”
Except where necessary for takeoff or landing, the FAA prohibits the operation of an aircraft below the following altitudes:
1. Over Congested Areas: Over any congested area of a city, town or settlement, or over any open- air assembly of persons, an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal radius of 2,000 feet of the aircraft.
2. Over other than Congested Areas: An altitude of 500 feet above the surface, except over open water or sparsely populated areas. In that case, the aircraft may not be operated closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle or structure.

Artificial Fog and Haze – Technical Awareness

Safety Bulletin

SB10A-Artificial-Fog-and-Haze-Technical-Awareness-Sheet Download

Guidelines

This document is intended to give recommendations to protect workers from overexposure to artificial fog and haze (e.g. theatrical haze, fogs, mists, etc.). Artificial fog and haze are commonly generated using a machine or generator, which releases a chemical solution as an airborne aerosol to create various atmospheric effects during filming/performing.

Definitions

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) – The maximum amount or concentration of a chemical that a worker may be exposed to under OSHA regulations.
Time-Weighted Average (TWA) – The average exposure to a contaminant over a given period of time, typically 8-hours.
Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) – The maximum exposure level averaged over a short- term, generally 15 minutes.
Peak – The maximum amount of safe exposure to a substance.

CHEMICAL PRODUCT GUIDELINES AND REGULATIONS

Various chemical solutions and mixtures are used to generate artificial fog and haze. Some artificial fog or haze components have PELs regulated by Fed/OSHA and/or Cal/OSHA, while others are regulated as simple asphyxiants.

Products containing the following chemicals/substances should not be used for atmospheric effects due to their possible health effects:

Known human carcinogens, including tobacco smoke (except when required to film a scene where such smoke results from an actor smoking tobacco);
Fumed and hydrolyzed chlorides;
Ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol;
Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons including petroleum distillates;
Hexachloroethane and cyclohexylamine; and
Butylene glycol 1,4.

The following substances may be used:

Propylene glycol, butylene glycol (1,2 & 1,3), polyethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and dipropylene glycol;
Glycerin products;
- Caution: Glycerin and the listed glycol products should not be heated beyond the minimum temperature necessary to aerosolize the fluid. In no event should glycerin or glycol be heated above 700 degrees Fahrenheit.
Mineral oils (highly refined only); and
Cryogenic liquids and gases (e.g., carbon dioxide (dry-ice), liquid nitrogen) may be used, but care must be exercised to avoid depleting oxygen levels, especially in confined or low- lying areas. When used, adequate fresh air should be supplied to avoid creating a hazardous atmosphere that may result in asphyxiation. Careless handling of liquid nitrogen may result in cold burns. Use caution to avoid the adverse effects of cryogenic materials on exposed persons.
- When using asphyxiants, including cryogenic liquids and steam, in confined spaces, monitor the oxygen level. Oxygen levels should stay between 19.5% and 22%.

Airborne Permissible Exposure Limits, as specified in the table below, should not be exceeded unless control measures are in place.

Ingredient	Fed OSHA 8-hour Time Weighted Average (mg/m³)	Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) (mg/m³)	Peak (mg/m³)
Glycerin Mist (total dust)	15	–	50
Glycerin Mist (respirable fraction)	5	–	50
Glycol	10	40	40
Mineral Oil	5	10	25

Refer to Fed/OSHA and Cal/OSHA Regulations for further information and/or requirements.

CONTROL MEASURES

The following control measures should be performed or implemented when using artificial fog or haze:

Eliminate the need for artificial fog or haze whenever possible.
Limit the cast and crew exposure to artificial fog or haze. Keep the area clear of non-essential personnel.
Use the minimum concentration necessary to achieve the desired effect.
Ventilate or exhaust interior sets or stages at appropriate intervals.
Provide breaks away from the set or stage to personnel and animals at appropriate intervals.
Attach Industry Wide Labor-Management Safety Committee Safety Bulletin #10 “Guidelines Regarding the Use of Artificially Created Atmospheric Fog & Haze” to the call sheet whenever artificial fog or haze is scheduled to be used that day.
The Production may monitor airborne levels to ensure that they do not exceed Permissible Exposure Limits.
If airborne levels are anticipated to exceed PELs, appropriate respiratory protection must be provided. Contact your studio safety representative for guidance.
Ensure that Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) are made readily available.
If an infant is present on a Production, take the appropriate steps to prevent that infant from being exposed to artificial fog or haze.
- Consult Safety Bulletin #33, “Special Safety Considerations When Employing Infant Actors (Fifteen Days to Six Months Old)”.
Ensure that qualified technicians are utilized to generate artificial fog or haze.
Technicians should follow manufacturer’s guidelines for the use and cleaning of equipment and only use fluids and gasses specified by the manufacturer.

MEASURING AIRBORNE CONCENTRATIONS

Airborne concentrations can be measured using a variety of instruments and by following recognized monitoring methods:

Various direct-reading instruments that measure airborne aerosol are available for rent or purchase.
Qualitative and quantitative testing should be conducted by or under the direction of an individual who is knowledgeable about the testing process. A correction factor, which varies with the reading instrument used, the type of fluid used, and the type of machine, must be applied. An industrial hygienist or qualified person can be contacted to discuss measuring airborne concentrations including correction factors and testing.
If airborne monitoring has not been conducted, then ensure that exposure estimates (based on previous monitoring reports, available literature, or professional health and safety advice) are available.

EXTENDED EXPOSURE

Consider extended work shifts and the consequences of working more than 8 hours per shift, as it relates to time-weighted average (TWA). As exposure time increases, the Permissible Exposure Limit decreases.

Adjust exposure limits for extended work shifts (longer than 8-hours), as follows. Decrease the noted 8- hour TWA PEL by a factor of (8/extended shift length):

10 hour adjusted TWA = (8/10) x 10 mg/m3 = 8.0 mg/m3
12 hour adjusted TWA = (8/12) x 10 mg/m3 = 6.7 mg/m3
14 hour adjusted TWA = (8/14) x 10 mg/m3 = 5.7 mg/m3

For questions on artificial fog or haze, please contact your studio safety representative. Please refer to the Studio Safety Hotlines document for guidance on how to contact the appropriate safety representative.

Related Bulletins

Artificial Fog and Haze

Artificial Fog and Haze – Technical Awareness

Artificial Fog and Haze

Safety Bulletin

SB10-Artificially-Created-Atmospheric-Fog-Haze Download

Guidelines

Artificial fog and haze are commonly generated using a machine or generator, which releases a chemical solution as an airborne aerosol to create various atmospheric effects during filming/performing. This bulletin does not address combustion-based smoke effects, such as free burning wood products, diesel fuels, etc.

There are no known long-term effects from exposure to artificial fog or haze. However, it is important to realize that every individual is different and temporary reactions to artificial fog or haze may range from having no effects to:

Irritation to the eyes
Dry throat
Minor respiratory irritation

Control Measures

The Production should implement one or more of the following:

Limit cast and crew exposure, in both amount and duration, to artificial fog or haze.
- Keep the area clear of non-essential personnel.
- Use additional control measures at worksites where workers are exposed to extended durations of artificial fog or haze.
Ventilate or exhaust interior sets or stages at appropriate intervals.
Provide breaks to all personnel and animals at appropriate intervals.
Protection from the cold and asphyxiation risks in low-lying areas when cryogenic liquids or gases are used.
The Production may monitor airborne levels to ensure they do not exceed Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs).
Utilize qualified technicians to generate artificial fog or haze.
Technicians will follow the manufacturer’s guidelines in the use and cleaning of equipment and use only fluids and gasses specified by the manufacturer.

Communications

When fog or haze effects are scheduled to be used, the Production should notify all personnel in advance. Regular communications with cast and crew, including background, should also occur to discuss operations and precautions associated with the use of artificial fog or haze.

The following methods may be used to notify the cast and crew when artificial fog or haze will be used:

Notification on the Call Sheet
Safety Data Sheets (SDSs)
- Should be available at the worksite
- A supervisor or another member of department leadership will help to locate a copy of the SDS.
Safety Meetings

A safety meeting should be held by the First Assistant Director, and may include the Special Effects Coordinator or qualified technicians, and should address, but not be limited to, the following topics:

When and where atmospheric effects will be used.
Ways to limit one’s exposure to artificial fog or haze, and options to obtain adequate fresh air.
Availability and use of respiratory protection if airborne levels are expected to exceed PELs.
How to seek medical care
Where to find the SDS

Individuals with Sensitivities

The elderly, children, and people with respiratory conditions or other ailments may have a higher sensitivity to artificial fog or haze. These persons should inform the Production of their sensitivity.

When there is an infant present at a Production using artificial fog or haze, steps should be taken to prevent the infant from being exposed. Please consult Safety Bulletin: Infant Actors.

For further information on how to protect workers from overexposure to airborne chemicals generated when using artificial fog or haze, please refer to Safety Bulletin: Artificial Fog and Haze – Technical Awareness.

Related Bulletins

Artificial Fog and Haze

Artificial Fog and Haze – Technical Awareness

Multiple Dressing Room Units

Safety Bulletin

SB09-Multiple-Dressing-Room-Units Download

Guidelines

The driver/operator plays an important role in maintaining a high degree of safety while these units are in use and is expected to meet high standards of competency. A qualified person should be present while such units are in operation.
Generator exhausts shall be elevated a minimum of three feet (3′) above the floor level and vented to the outside at all times.
Skirts or other downward projections encircling the unit shall not be closer than one foot (1′) from the ground.
All portable electric heaters shall be equipped with safety tip-over switches. Such heaters may be installed only on a temporary basis when extreme cold weather prevails or when the permanently installed heater malfunctions.
A single hand rail or grab bar shall be required where the floor is over three feet (3′) high.
Before fueling vehicle and/or generator, the same shall be shut down. Particular caution shall be exercised when priming a carburetor. Fueling shall be done in a safe manner consistent with all state and local laws.
No antifreeze shall be added to the fresh water tanks.
All steps shall be stable and constructed securely. Apple and/or orange crates shall not be used as steps.

Related Bulletins

Infant Actors

Multiple Dressing Room Units

Diving Operations

Safety Bulletin

SB07-Diving-Operations Download

Guidelines

The following recommendations apply when diving operations are utilized in production. When applicable, refer to Safety Bulletin: Boating and Watercraft, Safety Bulletin: Water Hazards, and Safety Bulletin: Portable Power Distribution Systems for additional guidance.

The employer or a person appointed by the employer will designate a person-in- charge of dive operations. For the purposes of this bulletin only, this person shall be known as Dive Operations Coordinator (“DOC”). This person shall be in charge of all aspects of the diving operation and shall be at the dive location or on deck at the dive site during diving operations. All diving operations shall conform to all applicable laws, rules and regulations, such as Title 8, Section 6050 et. seq. of the California Code of Regulations and Title 29, Section 1910.401 et seq. of the Federal Code of Regulations. In the event of a conflict between this bulletin and the applicable law, rule or regulation, such laws, rules or regulations must be followed.
The selection of an underwater location shall depend upon the safety and health conditions of the location as determined by the DOC, with input from one or more of the following individuals: the Director, First Assistant Director, Director of Photography, safety professional or stunt coordinator. When appropriate, the DOC and the Chief Lighting Technician shall meet and ensure that all electrical equipment in close proximity to diving operations pose no hazards.
The employer is responsible for verifying that dive team members are certified divers who have been trained in the type of diving, equipment used, and in the environment in which they will be working. For purposes of this bulletin, a certified diver is one who holds a current and valid certification card issued by a nationally or internationally recognized certification organization. There may be an exception where it is necessary to use a non-certified cast or crew member for a particular setup or scene. That cast or crew member must be under the direct underwater supervision of a dive team member with the appropriate experience and qualification (e.g., certified scuba instructor), designated by the DOC. The cast or crew member must have received training sufficient in the opinion of the dive team member and DOC to perform the job required.
The DOC shall establish and make available an Emergency Action Plan, including the nearest location of a recompression chamber, proper methods of transportation to that chamber, and emergency contact information.
Prior to each day’s diving operations, appropriate safeguards should be considered and communicated to all involved in the underwater activities.
The DOC shall brief dive team members of dive objectives, hazards, environmental conditions, any modifications to diving or emergency procedures likely to affect the safety of the diving operations, and the necessity of immediately reporting any physical problems or adverse physiological effects, including symptoms of pressure-related injuries.
Properly trained and equipped safety diver(s) shall be available as determined by the DOC. For purposes of this bulletin, a safety diver is a diver at the dive location, not in the dive rotation, who is capable of rendering immediate assistance to a diver in the water.
The employer shall ensure that adequate quantities of medical oxygen (100% O2) with appropriate methods of administration, and personnel trained in the use of such oxygen are immediately available during the diving operations.
A diver shall be accompanied in the water by another diver throughout the diving operation (a “buddy” system).
To avoid decompression illness, divers shall wait the appropriate period of time, as determined by the DOC, between dive operations and travel at altitude (including travel by air and land).
The DOC shall maintain a master log, which includes diver name, entry time, dive depth, and exit time. Individual logs shall be kept on behalf of all divers. Individual and master logs shall be reconciled on a dive-by-dive basis.
A functional underwater diver recall system shall be made available, tested and demonstrated on site prior to dive operations.
All dive equipment shall be inspected prior to each dive.
The employer shall have standby breathing equipment and safety diver(s) immediately available underwater when the possibility of trapped divers exists.
Each diver shall have a functional depth gauge, an underwater time-keeping device, an alternate air supply, and a pressure gauge for monitoring SCUBA tank pressure. Each diver shall also have the capability of achieving and maintaining positive buoyancy.
Diving tanks, when transported to and from location and when not in use, will be secured in such a manner as to prevent them from rolling or allowing the valves to be struck by other objects. When not in use, diving tanks shall be stored in the shade.
All dive team members shall be trained and current in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), diver rescue techniques, and diving-related first aid.
All dive team members must have passed a current (within the preceding twelve months) physical examination, have been declared medically fit to engage in diving operations, and be approved for the dive by the DOC.

Animal Handling Rules

Safety Bulletin

SB06-Animal-Handling Download

Guidelines

The safety of working animals and the persons working on such productions shall be of primary concern.
Only qualified professional trainers and/or wranglers should be allowed to work with animals on productions.
Notice shall be given prior to shooting, on the call sheet, that animals are working. A “closed set” notice should be posted on all stages where animals are working and every effort should be made to maintain a closed set where animals are working on location.
The trainer or person supplying the animal shall be responsible for obtaining all necessary inoculations, permits, applicable licenses and medical safeguards.
An easily accessible area shall be available for loading and unloading animals.
It is the responsibility of the trainer to convey to the cast and crew specific safety concerns relative to the animals being used. The trainer shall address the cast and crew (including the parent and/or guardian of any children on the set) regarding safety precautions while animals are on the set (e.g., maintain a safe distance from wild and exotic animals, no personal pets, no feeding, no running, escape routes, etc.).
The procedures for dealing with live ammunition shall be observed. The level of ammunition loads and explosives should be determined in consultation with the trainer and/or wrangler and the firearms expert.
The American Humane Association (AHA) guidelines on the treatment of animals used in film making state that a tranquilization and/or sedation on set for the sole purpose of film making is prohibited. As a safety backup, consideration should be given to the availability of tranquilizing equipment. Potentially dangerous or complicated animal action should warrant the presence of a qualified veterinarian.
Equipment operated in conjunction with working animals should be in a safe operating condition as determined by the trainer and/or wrangler in conjunction with the property master. Basic animal safety equipment such as fire extinguishers, fire hoses and nets should be readily available.
Under no circumstances should horse falls be accomplished by tripping or pitfalls.
All hitch rails shall be fastened in the ground in such a manner that the tugging of a frightened horse cannot pull them loose (e.g., sleeve installation). On a stage, hitch rails will be bolted or fastened in a rigid manner. Scenery and props should be secured. Objects (e.g., ladders, pedestals, etc.) that easily tip over can startle the animals.
Horses being used on a production shall be properly shod for the working surface (e.g., borium, rubber shoes, etc.).
Extreme caution should be taken when using exotic venomous reptiles. The proper antidote (anti-venom) should be selected depending upon the type of reptile. Location of the antidote shall be predetermined and printed on the call sheet.
The smell of alcohol has a disquieting effect on animals. All precautions shall be taken in that regard when animals are working.
The producer shall notify the American Humane Association prior to the commencement of any work involving an animal or animals; script scenes shall be made available; representatives of the American Humane Association may be present at any time during the filming.
There should be two handlers for each large undomesticated animal such as a large cat or carnivore (mountain lion or larger).
Depending on the types of animals being used, and the filming location, consideration should be given to providing onsite emergency medical transportation, with qualified medical personnel, up to and including advanced life support, as necessary.

Related Bulletins

Animal Handling Rules

Critters

Exotic Venomous Reptiles

Safety Awareness

Safety Bulletin

SB05-Safety-Awareness Download

Guidelines

Each studio, facility, and Production Company shall strive for the highest safety standards. Cast and crew must work diligently to maintain a safe and healthful work environment. Communication of information is one of the most effective measures to ensure a safe set. Safety takes precedence over expediency.

The Company shall:

Identify person(s) with authority and responsibility for implementing and maintaining a safety program.
Include a system for ensuring that cast and crew comply with safe and healthy work practices.
Maintain a system for communicating with cast and crew in a form readily understandable by all affected cast and crewmembers on matters relating to occupational safety and health. A safety hotline or other means shall be established to encourage anonymous reporting of hazards without fear of reprisal.
Establish procedures for identifying and evaluating hazards at all work sites, stages, and locations including scheduled periodic inspections to identify unsafe conditions and work practices. Inspections shall be conducted and documented.
Establish a mechanism and/or procedure for correcting unsafe or unhealthy conditions, work practices, and work procedures in a timely manner based on the severity of the hazard.
Establish a procedure to investigate occupational injuries or illnesses.
Provide training and instruction to all cast and crews as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

Safety Meetings

In “On-Production” situations, safety meetings are strongly recommended to make all involved aware of the apparent and potential hazards in the day’s work. For example, safety meetings should be held: (1) when production moves to a new location; (2) when there is a significant change in cast and/or crew; (3) when stunts or special effects are scheduled or have changed; (4) when fatigue may be of concern; or (5) when there are significant changes to the original plan for the day.

Safety meetings should be conducted on the set by the First Assistant Director/Stage Manager and should be attended by all affected cast and crewmembers.

In “Off-Production” situations, the Construction Coordinator and/or Department Head should conduct safety meetings (toolbox talks, tailgate meetings, etc.) to address pertinent safety issues, use of specialized equipment, or unusual construction activities and/or rigging. The Construction Department is required to have a Safety Meeting at least once every ten (10) days, or when new equipment is introduced and/or when special situations require additional meetings.

The following procedures are recommended:

Schedule safety meetings at the earliest time in which the majority of cast and/or crew can be assembled. Convey pertinent information to all personnel unable to attend.
All safety meetings should be documented.
Identify potential hazards. Department Heads should discuss hazards and establish safe working zones.
Discuss emergency procedures, including identifying the location of fire alarms, fire extinguishers, emergency exits, first aid kits and telephones for 911 emergency calls. Additionally, explain studio/location safety program protocol, and identify medical or special emergency personnel (e.g., paramedics, police, and fire personnel).
Present an evacuation plan in the event of an emergency. Remind all departments to keep fire lanes, electrical panels and exits clear at all times.
Advise the cast and/or crew to notify the First Assistant Director/Stage Manager, Construction Coordinator and/or Department Head of any safety concerns or hazards.
Inform cast and/or crew that, in the event of an injury, the set medic and the First Assistant Director/Stage Manager, Construction Coordinator and/or Department Head must be notified immediately. The First Assistant Director/Stage Manager, Construction Coordinator and/or Department Head will assess the situation and notify appropriate personnel, such as the UPM, Director, Producer, or Safety Representative, if applicable.

Check with your Safety Representative (if applicable) regarding additional rules, policies and/or guidelines that may apply to your specific work situation. Attach pertinent Safety Bulletins to the call sheets to deal with specific hazardous work.

Stunts

Safety Bulletin

SB04-Stunts Download

Guidelines

The following recommendations and guidelines are intended to give general guidance on the preparation, safe set-up, and performance of stunt sequences.

A stunt coordinator and/or qualified individual is in charge of all aspects of the physical stunt, including script review, planning, site selection, preparation, testing, rehearsal, modification and recommendation of the qualified personnel and equipment to be utilized to perform the stunt.
When a Producer requires a performer to perform a scripted or non-scripted stunt or stunt related activity, an individual qualified by training and/or experience in planning, setting up and/or performance of the type of stunt involved shall be engaged and present on the set. No performer without the requisite training and/or experience shall be required to perform a stunt or stunt related activity without an opportunity for prior consultation by the performer with such qualified individual.
The performer must consent to participation in the stunt prior to its performance.
No individual should be required to work with an animal that a reasonable person would regard as dangerous in the circumstances unless an animal handler or trainer qualified by training and/or experience is present.
The qualified licensed special effects person who will be rigging and firing an explosive charge (including squibs) on a performer shall be allowed prior consultation with the stunt coordinator and performer.
The Producer or Producer’s representatives on the set or location should comply with requests and requirements for safety equipment that is generally accepted in the industry for the safe and proper performance with stunts.
Equipment provided by the Producer (for example, automobiles, motorcycles, or wagons) shall be in suitable repair for the safe and proper performance of the stunt and presented in time to review such equipment prior to the execution of the stunt (Cal-OSHA, Title 8 requirement).
Advance notice is to be given to stunt personnel in order to plan a safe stunt. If changes are made to these plans, the Producer is to provide sufficient time to safely accommodate the changes.
An on-site safety meeting, including all participants and others involved, must precede the performance of all stunts. This meeting should include a “walk- through” or “dry-run” with the stunt coordinator and/or effects people. An understanding of the intended action, possible deviations, and authority to abort should be made clear. Before rolling cameras, should any substantive change become necessary, the First Assistant Director will again call all persons involved in the stunt to another meeting to confirm everyone’s understanding and agreement to said change(s).
Wardrobe, prosthetics, wigs, lenses and/or other related equipment required to be worn by the stunt individuals should be presented in sufficient time for evaluation and to determine if such items will impact the execution of the stunt or stunt sequence. Final safety approval rests with the stunt coordinator and/or qualified individual.
The stunt coordinator and/or qualified individual shall determine whether safety requires the exclusion of non-essential crew from the stunt area. Perimeter control should be established and maintained. Traffic control procedures shall be reviewed, and special attention should be paid to driving sequences where unauthorized personnel could enter the area. The stunt coordinator and/or qualified individual should be involved in safe placement of cameras, camera operators and all essential crew.
Communications: The stunt coordinator and/or qualified individual will coordinate with the designated production representative and implement a plan for communications between the participants. The chosen methods of communication should reflect the conditions and circumstances at the scene.

Note: It is recognized that there can be unforeseen or unique situations which might require on-site judgment differing from these guidelines. Such judgment should be made in the interests of the safety of cast and crew.

Related Bulletins

Open Flame

Parachuting and Skydiving

Pyrotechnic Special Effects

Stunt Air Bags and Freefall Catch Systems

Stunts

Helicopters – External Loads

Safety Bulletin

SB03A-External-Loads-on-Helicopters Download

Guidelines

Helicopter External Loads: Traditional helicopter motion picture activities include stunt persons transferring, air to air between helicopter and airplane, air to ground between surface vehicles or persons, Rappelling, Fast Roping and many other scenarios where essential personnel and equipment may be required outside the helicopter. Stunt persons and cameramen are often called upon to stand upon or hang from landing gear skids, cargo hooks, trapeze devices, bungee cords, cables, ladders, long-lines, etc. Safe completion of these operations require the complete understanding and coordination of all parties involved, i.e., the Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command the Designated Production Representative, Stunt Persons, Helicopter Riggers, Special Effects and Grip Riggers and essential ground crew.
Pilot in Command: The Pilot in Command is at all times the final authority over his/her airplane and should be in command over his/hers flight operations and/or related activities. The Pilot in Command and/or Aerial Coordinator should have the authority to abort any flight operation in the interest of safety.
Personnel Involved: Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command, essential personnel to be flown, helicopter rigging, safety and production personnel.
Briefing: Briefings will be conducted by the Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command, specific to the scheduled helicopter external load operations and in compliance with the approved Motion Picture Operations Manual, briefing provisions.
Risk Management: Participants will conduct a thorough evaluation of the operations to be conducted and the potential risk to all personnel, if any.
Communication: Communication must exist at all times between the pilot, the stunt person(s) and other essential personnel. This can be accomplished utilizing radios, intercoms, or pre-briefed visual signals. Additionally, the pilot must be able to maintain visual contact with the stunt person(s) and other essential personnel in the event of lost communications. If visual contact cannot be maintained a third party, who can maintain visual contact, will be used. This person may be on board the helicopter, on the ground, or in another aircraft.
Attaching Methods and Devices: All personnel must be attached to the aircraft while in flight, unless those persons are performing an essential function outside the aircraft requiring them to depart the aircraft in flight, e.g. parachuting or transfers. Seat belts, cables and safety lines will be attached to existing helicopter hard points, seat belt attach points, cargo tie down points, airframe bridles, or other suitable airframe locations. Attaching devices, i.e., cables, carabineers, braided nylon climbing rope, nylon straps, steel clevises, body harnesses, etc., are normally provided by the special effects, grips and stunt personnel. All of the above attaching devices must have load ratings established by the manufacturer in compliance with various industry and government specifications and established Motion Picture safety guidelines. A person will never be attached to a load release device.
Parachutes: If parachutes are to be utilized, they must be of an FAA approved type, must have been packed and certified within the preceding 120 days. While wearing a parachute, the parachutist must not be attached to the aircraft, except during takeoff and landing! An accidental parachute opening while attached to the Helicopter could have a serious negative effect on the aircraft and parachutist.
Rappelling:
1. Rappelling Pilot Qualifications:
  1. Possess a letter of competency or an appropriate logbook entry indicating compliance with the pilot provisions of 14 CFR Part 133; or
  2. Be qualified on the basis of previous experience and safety record; or
  3. An actual flight, demonstrating the pilot’s knowledge and skill regarding repelling operations.
2. Rappeller Qualifications:
  1. Rappellers (Stunt Persons) and Spotters, will be required to demonstrate their rappelling ability during required familiarization flights.
  2. The Aerial Coordinator and / or Pilot in Command will have the authority to withhold approval of any rappeller (Stunt Person) or spotter.
Rappelling Special Provisions: The Aerial Coordinator or the Pilot in Command has the authority to cancel or delete any activity or event, if in their opinion, the safety of persons or property on the ground, or in the air, is at risk or if there is a contravention to the provisions of their Motion Picture Waiver.
Weight and Balance: Due to the nature of helicopter, external loads involving essential persons or equipment, diligent review and compliance with the manufacturer’s weight and balance data is required. Prior to the initial flight of a new external load configuration, hovering test should be conducted to verify the lateral and longitudinal centers of gravity and maximum allowable helicopter weight.
Rappelling Pilots Check List:
1. Aircraft:
  1. Load bearing capacity and method of securing of all attaching devices related to the external load.
  2. Verification of load bearing capacity and anticipated loads on the airframe, attach points to be utilized.
  3. Accomplish Weight and Balance of the external load, including, if necessary, the possible release or departure of the external load.
  4. Verify operation of load release device, if any. Note: A person will never be attached to a load release device.
2. Personnel:
  1. Verify that only essential personnel are onboard the aircraft.
  2. Confirm essential personnel specific duties and responsibilities.
  3. Communications check, audio, and visual signals.
  4. Review emergency procedures specific to the external load operation with all essential personnel.
  5. Review potential risk, if any, with the essential personnel.
  6. No essential personnel may participate in the helicopter external load operation unless they have read, understood, and agreed to comply with the conditions of the Waiver Holders, Certificate of Waiver and its special provisions, if any.
3. Rappel Equipment:
  1. Rope size, appropriate to the rappel (friction) device being used, will be required for all Rappel operations.
  2. Rope strength, for each specific load, a safety factor of 10:1 between the strength of the weakest piece of attaching equipment and the load to be carried, will be utilized. The absolute minimum tensile strength of any Rappel rope will be 5000 lbs. tested to NFPA and/or other regulatory standards.
  3. Ropes will have a rubber jacket or other appropriate edge protection to give protection on door sills and edges when using floor attach points.
  4. Carabineers, steel, or aluminum must have a minimum tensile strength of 5000 lbs. be a locking type, and be tested to NFPA and/or other regulatory standards.
  5. Cutting devices, knifes, cable cutters, etc. sufficient to cut any attaching device will be provided to the spotter or safety persons for use in an emergency.
  6. Rappel ropes will have a minimum of two airframe attach points per rope, with test strengths equal to or greater than 5000 lbs. per rappeller.
Fast Roping:
1. Fast Roping Pilot Qualifications:
  1. Possess a letter of competency or an appropriate logbook entry indicating compliance with the pilot provisions of 14 CFR Part 133; or
  2. be qualified, based on previous experience and safety record; or
  3. an actual flight, demonstrating the pilot’s knowledge and basic skills required to conduct Fast Rope vertical reference type operations.
2. Fast Rope Personnel Qualifications:
  1. Fast Ropers (Stunt Persons) and Spotters, will be required to demonstrate their ability during required familiarization flights.
  2. The Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command will have the authority to withhold approval of any Fast Roper (Stunt Person) or spotter.
3. Fast Roping Special Provisions:
  1. The Aerial Coordinator or the Pilot in Command has the authority to cancel or delete any activity or event, if in their opinion, the safety of persons or property on the ground or in the air is at risk, or if there is a contravention to the provisions of their Motion Picture Waiver.
4. Fast Rope Equipment:
  1. Airframe attach points must be of an FAA approved type, providing sufficient lateral arm to extend beyond the outermost portion of the helicopter airframe and be certified for a 10:1 weight bearing capacity.
  2. Rope size, appropriate to the rappel (friction) device being used, will be required for all fast rope operations.
  3. Fast Rope strength, for each specific load, a safety factor of 10:1 between the strength of the weakest piece of attaching equipment and the load to be carried, will be utilized. The absolute minimum tensile strength of any Fast Rope will be 9000 lbs. and have a high melting point as designed for fast rope/rappelling operations.
  4. Cutting devices, knifes, cable cutters, etc. sufficient to cut any attaching device will be provided to the spotter or safety persons for use in an emergency.
  5. Fast Ropes will have a minimum of two airframe attach points per rope and have the appropriate rated strength.
Weight and Balance: See Paragraph 11.
Pilots Check List: See Paragraphs 12 A B C.