General safeguards

1. Properly maintain all electrical equipment and wiring. Visually inspect the condition of the plug, cable, and equipment for any signs of excess wear, frayed cables or exposed current-carrying parts. DO NOT USE any equipment that is damaged.
2. Verify all equipment is in the OFF position prior to plugging or unplugging to avoid creating an arc at the receptacle. Wear protective gloves to avoid injury from a possible flash created by a short-circuit in the equipment.
3. Do not pull on the cord when unplugging equipment. This can cause one or more of the wires to pull out of its termination in the plug. Always grasp the plug firmly to unplug.
4. All persons working on or near energized electrical equipment shall wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) appropriate for the level of electrical hazard to which they are exposed. This PPE may include non-melting, long-sleeved shirts and long pants, or other Arc Rated (AR) clothing, and closed-toed, nonconductive-soled shoes and Safety Glasses. Garments made from synthetic materials not manufactured specifically for electrical work, such as polyester and nylon, are not suitable to protect from electrical hazards.

Alternating Current and Direct Current

1. When using both AC and DC systems in the same location, each system must be clearly identified as AC or DC. Always verify that you are not plugging AC equipment into DC systems or DC equipment into AC systems.
2. All AC electrical systems shall be grounded. All grounded equipment should be tested for continuity between the ground pin on the plug and the metal parts of the equipment before it is put into service. In addition, all cables should be tested for continuity of the ground, neutral and phase conductor

Connecting to house power (tie-in)

1. Connecting to a premises/house electrical power source, such as a panel board or switchboard, can create the risk of a serious or fatal accident. Such connections shall only be made by a qualified person.
2. Connecting to an energized system is strongly discouraged. Always consider exposed electrical parts to be energized until you have verified they have been de-energized and locked out/tagged out.
3. Keep electric panels accessible at all times. There should be no obstructions or storage within three feet (3’) of a panel. Fuses should only be replaced by qualified personnel. When replacing a blown fuse, be sure to select a fuse of proper voltage, interrupting capacity, and amperage for the application.
4. Prior to a qualified person connecting to a premises/house electrical power system, the following requirements, among others, must be adhered to:
   • Determine if the electrical system voltage is compatible with the equipment to which it will be connected.
   • Calculate the electrical panel’s existing maximum ampere load to determine if the remaining capacity is sufficient for the additional equipment being connected.
   • Use a properly sized circuit breaker or fusible disconnect switch to connect a distribution system to the premises/house electrical power system.
   • The rated interrupting capacity of the circuit breaker or fuses must meet the available interrupting capacity at the point of connection to the premises/house electrical power system.
   • Use only approved lugs or devices to connect to the panel bus.
   • Never use “Alligator” type clamps.
   • Never connect ahead of the main circuit breaker, fuse box, or meter.
   • If required, obtain a permit to remove a panel cover.
   • Use suitable barriers, partitions, or other means to limit access to the connection to protect against accidental contact with energized parts and unauthorized entry into the arc-flash boundary by unauthorized persons or objects.
   • Replacement of all panels, covers and screws must be done by a qualified person immediately after disconnecting from the premises/house electrical power system.

Generators

1. Only a qualified operator shall operate a generator. Approach to exposed connections on portable and vehicle mounted generators should be physically restricted or barricaded to non-qualified persons. 
2. The generator should have as much open space as possible on all sides to allow maximum ventilation and minimum interference. Make sure exhaust fumes are ventilated away from enclosed areas, personnel, and air intake ducts, such as trailers and buildings. Be aware of hot surfaces when working around a generator. It is important that all generating sets be protected from the elements and from unauthorized access.
3. A fire extinguisher specific for the generator unit must be present and readily accessible outside the generator enclosure. 

Location and environmental considerations

1. Cables and devices should be protected from water and from foot and vehicle traffic damage. Electrical distribution systems should be elevated in such a manner that they will not come in contact with running or standing water. When it is necessary to have electrical distribution systems and devices which come into contact with water, such systems shall be designed and listed for use in water.
2. Remember that lights placed too closely to props, sets and other materials may pose a fire risk and, therefore, make sure that lights are placed far enough away to alleviate risk.
3. Overhead clearances must be observed and maintained at all times. This applies to ladders, scaffolds, booms, forklifts, aerial lifts, scissor lifts, cranes, rigging, sets, truss work, backdrops and other equipment that could come in contact with power lines.
4. To prevent electrocutions and injury resulting from contact between overhead power lines and conductive tools, materials, or scaffolds, OSHA recommends that employees be informed that most overhead, high voltage power lines are not insulated and, when in doubt, employees should assume that power lines are not insulated.
5. Employers should notify the utility company when work must be performed under and/or near overhead power lines where clearances cannot be maintained. In such situations, utility companies should de-energize the power lines or temporarily move or cover them with insulating hoses or blankets before any work is initiated.

Emergency Response

1. If an electrical accident occurs, notify emergency medical personnel and activate the Emergency Action Plan.
2. An Emergency Action Plan should include the following items:
   • Location, method and any necessary tools required for emergency power disconnection
   • Emergency Medical Services on hand or readily available with working means of contact
   • Exact location of where the work is being performed
   • Identification of CPR Trained Personnel
   • Location of available AEDs
3. Do not approach any electrical accident until you have been notified by qualified personnel that it is safe to approach.
4. Properly secure the accident area while maintaining a safe distance to prevent the possibility of additional victims.
5. DO NOT touch or approach a victim of electric shock while he or she is being shocked. If safe to do so, turn off the power.
6. Trained personnel should follow proper procedures for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (“CPR”) and Automated External Defibrillator (“AED”) use.
7. Since the possible effects of electrical shock can manifest hours after the event, any victim of electric shock must be evaluated by a qualified medical professional.

Safety bulletins

Important Guidelines

All filming equipment and vehicles are potentially hazardous. Therefore, they should only be used for their intended purpose and only qualified personnel — who have obtained sufficient training from a qualified instructor — are permitted to operate filming equipment or filming vehicles. Operators and passengers of all vehicles should always use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

Be aware of load and rider capacities. Ratchet straps and/or ropes are the preferred method of securing loads and/or equipment. If using bungees, rubber snubbers, or other elastic devices, ensure they are not frayed, worn, damaged, or cracked, or have damaged hooking devices. Uncontrolled release can cause severe injuries to unprotected body parts, particularly to the face or eyes.

Be particularly cautious when driving, walking or traveling; proceed slowly and watch for sudden movements of objects or individuals. Be especially careful when working around helicopters or on runways. Remain at least 50 feet away from helicopters or other aircraft unless directed by the Aerial Coordinator and/or Pilot in Command or ground safety contact. Under no circumstances should you approach the helicopter or aircraft without permission from the ground safety contact or the Pilot in Command. Whether the rotors are turning or not, always approach and leave the helicopter from the front; never walk near or around the tail rotor.

The use of aircraft, boats, trains or cars may require special permits and/or operator certifications. All vehicles, including their peripheral safety equipment (i.e., harnesses, belts, roll-cage, fuel cells, etc.), must undergo thorough safety inspection and testing on a daily basis by qualified experienced personnel.

Safety bulletins

Important Guidelines

Use the right tool for the job. Do not use tools or equipment for which you have not been properly trained and qualified.

Ensure that all equipment is in proper working order and that all protective guards are in place and used. Tag (“Do Not Use”) and report any damaged or malfunctioning equipment.

Do not attempt to alter, modify, displace, or remove any existing safety equipment. Saw guards, safety switches, and other safety mechanisms are installed for your protection. 

Always wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and be aware of flying debris.

Handling & Storage

Store all flammable liquids in approved safety containers or cabinets. Paint, chemicals, and other materials should not accumulate on stage floors, under platforms or in other work areas. You should know and follow proper handling and storage procedures for all combustible or flammable materials.

A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) shall be obtained from the manufacturer or distributor and a copy of the MSDS must be kept on file for all chemicals and substances being used and/or stored.

Be aware that the use of atmosphere smoke has become highly regulated and limited by a variety of regulatory agencies. Contact the Head of Production if you need assistance with guidelines and regulations.

Ensure that there is proper ventilation and wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

Environment Concerns

All hazardous waste generated by the company, including paint, must be disposed of properly. Proper documentation and permits for the transportation and disposal of such waste is required by law.

Be aware of hazards associated with lead paint and asbestos. If encountered, do not disturb and immediately report to your supervisor or safety representative.

Be aware of biological hazards such as human or animal waste, mold, fungus, bacteria, body fluids, blood borne pathogens, used needles (sharps), vermin, insects and other potentially infectious materials.

Employees shall not enter confined spaces (manholes, underground vaults, chambers, silos, etc.) until the oxygen and gas levels have been checked and confirmed to be within acceptable levels.

Certain situations may require permits and/or licenses, for example, when the production will be using artificial smoke, large dust effects, creating excessive noise or when working around endangered plant or animal life. Please be sure to comply with all applicable statutes and/or regulations.

Safety bulletins

General safeguards

1. Use appropriate fall protection equipment whenever you are working greater than 30 inches (general use) or 6 feet (during construction) above the floor, ground, or other working area, when standard guardrails or other equivalent protection are not available.
2. Unprotected work areas such as platforms, sets, walkways, cliffs, floor openings, shafts and rooftops (when approaching within 6 feet of the roof’s edge) require the use of approved fall protection measures. These measures include but are not limited to guardrails, barriers, safety net systems, a written Fall Protection Plan, and/or the use of personal fall arrest, fall restraint, or work positioning systems.
3. Fall arrest equipment is always required when working in the permanent grid and truss system (perms) outside the catwalks and handrails.
4. Do not use fall protection equipment without proper training and instruction. Only use appropriate anchorage points.
5. Temporary stair railings and guardrails are required around elevated surfaces, pits, holes or other unprotected openings.
6. Ensure proper lighting in such areas and post signs as necessary.

Scaffolds

1. Only use scaffolds with the appropriate guardrails, mid rails and toe boards.
2. Do not remove guardrails; contact a qualified person if they need to be removed to perform special work. Report any missing guardrails at once.
3. Do not climb across braces.

Ladders

1. Inspect all ladders before each use for broken or missing rungs, steps, split side rails or other defects.
2. Never place ladders in doorways unless protected by barricades or guards.
3. Never stand on the top two rungs of a ladder.
4. Use only approved ladders or steps. Check the labels for compliance.
5. Always use both hands while climbing.

Safety bulletins

When to Call Safety Meetings

Safety meetings should be held:

1. as part of the morning meeting;
2. when production moves to a new location;
3. when there is a significant change in cast and/or crew;
4. when stunts or special effects are scheduled or have changed;
5. when fatigue may be of concern;
6. when there are significant changes to the original plan for the day.

Protocol for Safety Meetings

Observe the following procedures for all safety meetings:

1. Schedule safety meetings at the earliest time in which the majority of cast and/or crew can be assembled. Convey pertinent information to all personnel unable to attend.
2. Document all safety meetings with a Safety Meeting Report.
3. Identify potential hazards. Department Heads should discuss hazards and establish safe working zones.
4. Discuss emergency procedures, including identifying the location of fire alarms, fire extinguishers, emergency exits, first aid kits and telephones for 911 emergency calls. Identify medical or special emergency protocols and personnel (e.g., paramedics, police, and fire personnel).
5. Present an evacuation plan in the event of an emergency. Remind all departments to keep fire lanes, electrical panels and exits clear at all times.
6. Advise the cast and/or crew to notify the First Assistant Director and/or Department Head of any safety concerns or hazards.
7. Inform cast and/or crew that, in the event of an injury, the First Assistant Director and/or Department Head must be notified immediately. The First Assistant Director and/or Department Head will assess the situation and will notify the Producer, the Shop Steward, and the school’s Head of Production.

Off-Production Safety Meetings

In “off-production” situations, the Department Head should conduct safety meetings (toolbox talks, tailgate meetings, etc.) to address pertinent safety issues, use of specialized equipment, or unusual construction activities and/or rigging. The Construction Department is required to have a safety meeting at least once every ten days, or when new equipment is introduced, and/or when special situations require additional meetings.

Overview

The College follows guidelines developed by the AMPTP Industry-Wide Labor-Management Safety Committee for use by the motion picture and television industry. This Safety Committee is composed of guild, union, and management representatives active in industry safety and health programs. The safety bulletins they provide are guidelines recommended by the Safety Committee. They are not binding laws or regulations. State, federal, and/or local regulations, where applicable, override these guidelines.

Unsafe behavior may result in immediate dismissal from the program.

Every student must strive for the highest safety standards. Cast and crew must work diligently to maintain a safe and healthy work environment. Pranks and other types of horseplay are unacceptable. Safety takes precedence over expediency. Never sacrifice safety considerations in the rush to get a shot.

Communication of safety information

Good communication of information is one of the most effective measures to ensure a safe set. This begins in pre-preproduction. Any production activities that require special attention from a safety perspective must be addressed at the show’s Director’s Prep. It is the Producer’s responsibility to make sure that the faculty has fully approved any such activities prior to the start of shooting.

Call sheets must contain important safety information for the next day’s shoot. Safety bulletins must be attached to call sheets for any production day where the crew needs to be alerted to specific safety concerns.

It is the Producer’s responsibility to make sure that safety meetings are conducted to brief all cast and crew members about potentially hazardous set conditions. Department heads are also responsible for conducting safety meetings for any safety issues specific to their department.

Personal safety

All crew must wear appropriate clothing and any required Personal Protective Equipment. A shirt and proper footwear should be worn at all times. Safety glasses or hearing protection must be worn when operating equipment or performing work where eye or ear damage could potentially occur.

Make sure you get the appropriate assistance when lifting or moving heavy or awkward objects. Avoid lifting such objects whenever possible by using carts, dollies, and other mechanical devices or get adequate help. Before lifting any load, check for slivers, jagged edges, burrs, rough or slippery surfaces, and protruding nails. Check your intended path for obstructions.

Medication which might interfere with your alertness or ability to perform your work should be used only under a doctor’s direction. If you feel that any medication is impairing your work, please discuss this with your supervisor. Do not work while under the influence of illegal drugs or alcoholic beverages. 

Keeping work areas safe

Good housekeeping should be maintained at all times. Walkways and work areas are to be kept clear of materials, trash, equipment and debris.

All cables should be neatly routed. Cables in walkways and traffic areas should be covered with mats and/or cable crossovers.

At a minimum, a four-foot perimeter should be kept clear around the interior of the stage walls. Make sure all exit doors are unobstructed, unlocked, and capable of being opened from the inside.

Always be aware of personnel working above and below you. All overhead equipment fixtures and props should be properly secured.

Safety on location

Working conditions may change from day to day, particularly on location. To prevent accidents, you need to be aware of your work environment and the equipment being used.

Be aware of general location safety concerns, including extreme temperature conditions, physical surroundings, indigenous critters, and nasty plants.

Familiarize yourself with emergency procedures for each location. You are responsible for knowing how to react in an emergency situation. Contact your supervisor if you do not know emergency procedures.

Fire and other hazards

Fire equipment (hydrants, extinguishers, sprinklers, hoses, etc.) must be accessible at all times.

All decorative set materials should be flame retardant or made of non-combustible materials if such materials will be exposed to hot lamps, fire effects, or other ignition sources.

Obey all “No Smoking” signs. Observe designated smoking areas and always extinguish cigarettes in the appropriate containers (butt cans).

If involved in any stunt, special effect, aviation sequence, water sequence or other potentially hazardous or unusual activities, attend any additional safety meetings held for that activity.

Reporting safety concerns and accidents

If you have any questions or concerns, or notice anything you believe could be hazardous and/or unsafe to the cast and crew, please talk to the Producer, Unit Production Manager, Shop Steward, or the school’s Head of Production. You will not be penalized in any way for bringing attention to safety concerns.

Report accidents immediately to your supervisor, the school’s Head of Production, and/or medical personnel. Follow instructions given to you when referred for medical treatment for any injury and retain documentation. All injuries must be reported to the school’s Head of Production on the date of occurrence.

Urban locations

Urban locations such as alleyways, beneath bridges, tunnels, abandoned structures, and storm channels may present health risks and other hazards. Potential hazards may include:

1. BIOHAZARDS: Human or animal waste, mold, fungus, bacteria, body fluids, vermin, insects, and other potential biohazards.
2. CHEMICAL HAZARDS: Asbestos, lead paint, solvents, insecticides, herbicides, and other potentially harmful chemicals.
3. PHYSICAL HAZARDS: Rubbish, refuse, abandoned materials, broken glass, scrap metals, discarded needles, other waste or utility/electrical lines that can create a potential physical hazard.

The Producer should evaluate the type and scope of hazards and, if necessary, consult with appropriate professionals to create a plan to mitigate the hazards prior to the crew’s arrival at the location. This plan should be presented at the Director’s Prep.

If possible, the urban location should be locked-off and secured to maintain the cleanliness of the set. If that is not practical, Production should conduct daily cleaning activities before crew call to remove any sources of exposure or hazards that accumulated during the Production Company’s absence.

Electrical cables, props, and other equipment used at the location should be protected where practical. Cables should be supported off the ground whenever possible. Protective ground cover, such as layout board or other material, should be positioned in work areas to minimize contact with potentially affected areas. Props and equipment that come in contact with the ground should be disinfected. Washing facilities should be available for the cast and crew, who should be reminded to wash periodically and before meals. Long pants, long sleeved shirts, and hard-soled shoes are recommended to minimize contact. Proper personal protective equipment should be provided and used.

Rural locations

Rural locations such as fields, wooded areas, swamplands, rivers, and farms may present health risks and other hazards. Potential hazards may include:

1. CRITTERS: Ants, ticks, insects, spiders, snakes, alligators, marine animals, vermin, bears, bobcats, and other potentially dangerous wildlife.
2. BIOHAZARDS: Human or animal waste, mold, fungus, bacteria, body fluids, and other potential biohazards.
3. PHYSICAL HAZARDS: Poisonous plants, refuse, abandoned materials, water, sharp objects, and other potential physical hazards.

Consider safety precautions when pre-planning and preparing to use a rural location that may contain indigenous critters or environmental hazards. This should include: identifying the type(s) of critters or hazards present; the location of nearby hospitals or medical facilities; and the availability of any anti-venom that may be required. Identify the areas that may contain the plants and use the proper safeguards to avoid them. Pre-planning may also include contacting the local zoo to see if they have the anti-venom and to alert them you will be working in the area, especially if the production will be working with animal actors that could escape.

It is production’s responsibility to assure the safety of the indigenous critters in the filming area, and to consult the agency or persons responsible for the removal of wildlife from location sets. Any such indigenous critters that remain on the set are subject to American Humane Association Guidelines and Procedures.

Wear long pants with the pant legs tucked into socks or boots. A good boot above the ankle will provide better protection. It is also advisable to wear a long-sleeved shirt, dress in layers and wear light colors. (Generally, critters are dark in color; they are spotted easily against a light background.) Avoid heavy perfumes or after-shaves as they attract some pests. Apply repellents according to label instructions on the product. Applying repellents to clothing appears to be most effective.

Wear practical change clothes and shoes before leaving the location. Work clothes should be placed in a bag and taken home for laundering.

Wash often. Wash hands before eating, smoking or applying cosmetics.

In the case of bites or stings, serious allergic reactions are possible. If you have any known allergies, notify the set medic and/or safety representative prior to or when you first arrive at the location. If you are bitten or stung by an indigenous critter, immediately contact the set medic. If the encounter with the indigenous critter involves a life threatening situation, call 911.

Safety bulletins

Pre-Planning

Pre-planning can reduce many of the potential dangers posed by inclement weather. The location manager, their department representative or production management, should develop an Action Plan when preparing to use locations that may present an inclement or severe weather hazard.

The Action Plan should designate a person who is responsible for monitoring potential inclement weather by commercial weather services, apps, television and radio station news casts, or other available means.

The Action Plan should include a method for communication with cast and crew members in the event of inclement or severe weather. The communication methods should reflect the conditions and circumstances at the scene. Other elements to include should be site specific procedures which include methods and routes of evacuation, meeting areas, a means of establishing a head count for cast and crew members and procedures for equipment shut-down, stowage and/or removal. If there is the possibility of inclement or severe weather, a safety meeting shall be held to review and communicate the elements of the Action Plan.

Lightning

Lightning results from the buildup and discharge of electrical energy in clouds. Lightning may strike several miles from an associated thunderstorm and may strike when no clouds or rain are present.

Potential Hazards

• Electrocution
• Burns
• Falling debris
• Concussion
• Fire

Possible Actions

• Activate the action plan
• When working in lightning prone areas, the use of a lightning detector/meter is highly recommended. If a meter is not available, it is possible to estimate the distance of lightning by the thunder. When lightning is seen, count the seconds until thunder is heard and then divide the seconds counted by five to obtain the approximate distance in miles.
• 30-30 rule: The first 30 means if you count to 30 seconds or less (from lightning to thunder), the lightning is within 6 miles of your location and you are in potential danger and should seek shelter. The second 30 means you should wait 30 minutes from the last flash or thunder to establish an “all clear.”
• Seek shelter in a sturdy building, a hardtop automobile or truck with the windows rolled up. If such cover is not available seek shelter in wooded areas with thick small trees. Avoid isolated trees.
• Avoid high ground and keep clear of tall objects, towers, aerial lifts, camera booms, scaffolding, fences or other metal equipment.
• Avoid contact with any body of water.
• Avoid using a telephone or cellular phone.
• Where appropriate, shut down generators in accordance with the established action plan.
• Avoid using other electrical equipment or appliances.
• When instructed, move to the pre-determined evacuation area.
• Do not attempt to return to the area until an “all clear” signal has been given by a regulatory authority and/or production management or 30 minutes after the last thunder sound is heard.

Hurricanes

A slow developing tropical weather phenomenon that forms over water. Its greatest impacts are felt near or on shorelines of land. You will not be surprised by a hurricane, as they are usually tracked by a weather service for many days. They are also known as cyclones or typhoons.

Potential Hazards

• Severe winds and rainfall, which may cause extreme flooding
• Storm surges
• High waves possibility of persons being swept off their feet
• Drowning
• Localized tornados
• Extreme damage to structures, roads, utilities, vehicles and boats
• Severe injury due to flying debris

Possible Actions

• In most cases, you will have several days warning to activate your action plan
• Do not stay by shoreline
• Pack and secure all equipment and remove to a safe area
• Lower all aerial lifts, camera booms and other equipment. Remove to a safe area as time permits
• If ordered to evacuate, leave area early — do not hesitate
• Do not attempt to return to the area until an “all clear” signal has been given by a regulatory authority or production management

Additional Notes

• OSHA mandates that aerial lifts and other like equipment are not to be operated when winds exceed 25 mph.
• Be aware that many of the same precautions (e.g., eye protection and securing equipment), can also apply to man-made wind effects such as rotor wash from airplanes or helicopters and large ritter fans.

Tornados

A tornado is a violent windstorm characterized by twisting, funnel-shaped wind. Tornados tend to occur in the afternoon and evening hours.

Potential Hazards

• Tornados are unpredictable and may form without warning
• Winds can exceed 200 to 300 mph
• Tornados may appear nearly transparent until dust and debris are picked up or a cloud forms within the funnel
• Severe damage can occur to structures
• The precise location of a touch down point cannot be determined

Possible Actions

• If a watch or warning has been issued, the action plan should be activated
• The crew should be regularly updated regarding any changes to potential weather conditions
• All cast and crew members must follow all instructions given
• No employees should be working on elevated equipment. This includes aerial lifts, scaffolds, camera booms, and other high areas
• Evacuate the area immediately if instructed by a regulatory authority or production management
• Only secure equipment if there is time and it can be done safely
• Do not attempt to return to the area until an all clear signal has been given by a regulatory authority or production management

Flash Flooding

Flash flooding is usually caused by slow moving thunderstorms and can occur within a few minutes or hours of excessive rainfall. High-risk locations include low water crossings, recent burn areas in mountains and urban areas which have pavement and roofs which concentrate rainfall runoff. Flash flooding may be worsened by topography, soil conditions and ground cover. Be especially cautious at night when it is harder to recognize flood dangers. Realize it does not have to be raining at your specific location for a flood to occur.

Potential Hazards

• Crew and equipment could become trapped or stranded as escape routes may be damaged and/or blocked.
• Equipment and personnel could be swept away or covered by water, mud or debris.
• Drowning
• Electrocution
• Mud slides

Possible Actions

• Activate the action plan.
• Secure equipment and all electrical power.
• Remove all cast and crew from elevated equipment, scaffolds, booms and sets.
• Stay clear of potential slide areas next to hillsides or on edges of cliff areas.
• Follow directions for evacuation procedures as outlined in the action plan.
• Gather at pre-determined evacuation point and ensure everyone is accounted for.
• If you come upon a flowing stream where water is above ankles, STOP! Turn around and go another way.
• Do not drive through moving water or a flooded roadway.
• Do not attempt to return to the area until an “all clear” signal has been given by a regulatory authority or production management.

High Winds

High winds can be associated with extreme weather phenomenon including thunderstorms, tornados, hurricanes, and high and low pressure systems. During the summer months in the Western States, thunderstorms often produce little rain but very strong wind gusts (some up to 100 mph) and dust storms.

Potential Hazards

• Flying debris
• Dust
• Possibility of persons being swept off their feet
• Equipment can be blown over and carried for a distance
• Set destruction
• Eye injuries

Possible Actions

• Activate the action plan
• Remove all cast and crew from elevated areas, sets, scaffolding and other high objects
• Lower all aerial, lighting, diffusion, camera boom equipment and tents
• Tie down and secure all loose equipment
• When instructed, seek refuge from the winds at your pre-determined safe area
• Be aware and protect your eyes from potential injury
• Do not attempt to return to the area until an “all clear” signal has been given by a regulatory authority or production management

Large Hail

Hail is usually associated with thunderstorms and is caused by freezing rain that can become very large.

Potential Hazards

• May cause injuries to crew and damage to equipment

Possible Actions

• If a watch or warning has been issued, the action plan should be activated and the crew should follow all instructions
• Secure and protect all equipment
• Get down from elevated areas, aerial lifts, booms, scaffold and other high areas
• When instructed, seek shelter at your pre-determined safe area
• Do not attempt to return to the area until an “all clear” signal has been given by a regulatory authority or production management

Severe Snow

A storm accompanied by strong winds creating blizzard conditions with blinding wind-driven snow, severe drifting, and dangerous wind chill.

Potential Hazards

• Blinding conditions
• Creation of snow drifts
• Dangerous wind chill factor
• Avalanche danger, being caught and/or buried
  • Usually triggered by victim or members of victims party
  • Generally occur with clear skies, little or no snow fall and light or calm winds
  • The weak layer often consists of surface hoar, facets or depth hoar
  • On 30-40 degree slopes, often at a convex part of the slope

Possible Actions

• If a watch or warning has been issued, the action plan should be activated and the crew should follow all instructions
• Secure and protect all equipment
• Get down from elevated areas, aerial lifts, booms, scaffold and other high areas
• Stay clear from potential avalanche areas
• When instructed, seek shelter at your pre-determined safe area
• Do not attempt to return to the area until an “all clear” signal has been given by a regulatory authority or production management

Extreme Hot Temperatures

Heat illnesses are medical conditions that occur when heat builds up inside the body beyond its ideal 98.6 degree Fahrenheit temperature. There are several ways in which the body may react to excessive heat.

• HEAT RASH is a skin irritation caused by excessive sweating during hot, humid weather.
• SUNBURN is caused by exposure to the sun’s rays. Overexposure can cause immediate burns and blisters, while repeated or long-term exposure can potentially lead to skin cancer.
• HEAT CRAMPS affect people who sweat excessively during strenuous work activity. The sweating depletes the body’s salt and fluids. The low salt level in the muscles causes painful cramps.
• FAINTING (Heat Syncope) is caused by a lack of adequate blood supply to the brain usually as the result of dehydration and lack of acclimatization to work in warm/humid weather.
• HEAT EXHAUSTION is caused by a loss of fluids from sweating and/or a lack of drinking proper fluids. Symptoms include, but are not limited to, sweating, cool or clammy skin, weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, fast or weak pulse, and/or fast or slow breathing.
• HEAT STROKE is a life-threatening emergency that occurs when the body overheats to a point where its temperature control system shuts down and heat builds up internally.

The signs of impending heat stroke are altered behavior, convulsions, unconsciousness and, usually, lack of sweating. Should these symptoms occur, seek medical assistance immediately.

Heat illness is preventable. Know your limits and take time to adjust to the heat. Above all, DRINK PLENTY OF WATER and immediately report any signs of heat illness in yourself or others.

Symptoms of Heat Illness

Early heat illness signs and symptoms may not always follow a progressive pattern from a mild condition such as heat rash up to the life-threatening condition of heat stroke. Thirst alone is a poor indicator of how the body is reacting to heat. Know the symptoms of heat illness to watch for:

• Discomfort
• Headache
• Fatigue
• Loss of coordination
• Vomiting
• Seizures
• Fainting
• Blurry vision
• Confusion
• Dizziness
• Irritability
• Poor concentration
• Muscle pain/cramps
• Lack of sweating or excessive sweating
• Altered behavior

Tell a supervisor immediately if you think you or a co-worker are feeling ill from the heat.

Heat Illness Susceptibility Factors

There are many risk factors that increase susceptibility to heat illness. They include, but are not limited to:

• Environmental Conditions:
  • Hot air temperature
  • High relative humidity
  • Physical activity
  • Radiant heat from the sun or other source
  • Personal protective equipment worn
  • Lack of air movement
• Personal Conditions:
  • A history of heat illness
  • Insufficient water consumption
  • Over/under weight
  • Poor level of fitness
  • Lack of acclimatization
  • Poor medical condition
  • Use of prescription and over the counter medications and other drugs
  • Consumption of alcohol, caffeine, carbonated drinks, energy drinks
  • Advanced age or young age
  • On a low salt diet

Consult with a doctor if you know you have risk factors for heat illness.

Acclimatization

During the first few days of working in heat, the body needs time to adjust. This period of adjustment (acclimatization) varies by individual and can take up to a few weeks. During this acclimatization period you should:

• Start work slowly and increase the pace gradually. During a heat wave there is still a risk for heat illness even if previously acclimatized.
• Report to a supervisor if returning to work after an absence or illness, or when changing from a cool to a hot and/or humid climate.
• Supervisors and employees should be aware that acclimatization to heat can take several days and work/rest cycles should be scheduled accordingly.

Hydration

Dehydration occurs quickly no matter how well acclimatized to the heat. The average person loses between 1 and 2 quarts of fluid an hour in perspiration during heavy exertion in hot weather. The only way to replace the loss (and help the body continue to cool itself) is to drink water.

• Frequently drink small quantities of water throughout the entire work shift. A minimum of 1 quart (four 8-oz cups) per hour is recommended.
• Don’t wait until thirsty to drink water. Being thirsty is not a good signal for the need to hydrate. Drink water both before and after work. Avoid substituting soft drinks and coffee for water.
• Drinking water needs to be available for all employees at all work locations.
• Know the location(s) of the closest drinking water supplies.

Wear Appropriate Work Clothes and Cool Down Under Cover

• Know the nearest cool resting place(s). Get out of the sun or away from the source of heat and find a cool, preferably well ventilated, resting place when you are starting to overheat or need to cool down.
• Wear light-colored loose fitting long-sleeved shirt and pants, and UV sunglasses or, if appropriate, other protective equipment.
• Wear a wide brim hat (baseball caps do not cover the ears and neck).
• Use sunscreen or sun block and reapply as needed.
• Eat light meals. Hot, heavy meals add heat to the body.

Extreme Cold Temperatures

When working in cold conditions, the two most common hazards are hypothermia and frostbite. With proper awareness and pre-planning, these hazards can be eliminated.

Hypothermia

Hypothermia is a potentially deadly condition, which results in an abnormally low body temperature. A combination of cold, wet and windy conditions will result in hypothermia for anyone who is inadequately prepared and protected.

Early symptoms of hypothermia are often overlooked, they include:

• Intense shivering
• Muscle tension
• Fatigue
• Intense feeling of cold or numbness

To most people, these may just seem like normal consequences of exposure to winter conditions. Ignoring these early signs can be very dangerous. If you or a co-worker experience early symptoms of hypothermia, take action.

Also watch for additional behavioral signs including:

• Slurred speech
• Difficulty performing tasks
• Loss of coordination
• Lethargy
• Erratic behavior, poor decisions
• Irritability
• Slow breathing and heart rate

At the first sign of any of these conditions, notify your supervisor and/or seek medical attention (i.e., set medic, studio hospital or medical provider) then go inside and get warm, before you attempt to complete the job or project you are working on.

Hypothermia Prevention

Preventing hypothermia is not difficult. In fact, it is much easier to avoid hypothermia than to treat it after the fact. You can prevent hypothermia if you pre-plan, know what the conditions are expected to be and plan your clothing accordingly.

Clothing:

• Clothing does not warm you; it provides insulation to preserve your warmth. Layer your clothing
• As much as half of your body heat is lost through your head and neck, so keep them covered
• Keep rain and wind out of your clothing
• Avoid overheating and sweating by ventilating as needed
• Wool clothing is best followed by synthetics, down is okay if kept dry, but cotton is a bad choice

Food and behavior:

• Watch what you eat. Minor changes to your normal behavior are an important step in preventing hypothermia
• This is not the time for a starvation diet. It is important to maintain your optimal metabolism
• Take extra steps to stay warm and dry by preventing exposure to wind and water

If you are working in cold weather:

• Do not diet; give your body the appropriate nutrients
• This will increase your metabolism and help keep you warm
• Continue to drink fluids, water is best. No alcohol.
• If you do not need to be outside, go inside, even if it is only for a few minutes
• If you cannot go inside, exercise, jog in place, shake your arms, these activities will increase your circulation and increase heat

If someone is showing signs of hypothermia:

• Hypothermia symptoms should receive medical treatment as soon as possible
• Prevent further heat loss by sheltering from exposure to wind and water
• Bring the crew member inside to a warm area, if possible
• Treat the crew member gently
• Seek medical attention (*i.e., *set medic, studio hospital or medical provider)
• Remove any wet clothing and replace with dry clothing
• Wrap the crew member in blankets and cover their head
• No caffeine, alcohol or tobacco should be used

Frostbite

Frostbite is more common than hypothermia. It is the result of the freezing of the extracellular fluid in the skin, which can permanently damage the tissue. This condition usually affects the extremities, such as the tips of fingers, the ears and nose but other exposed areas can also be affected. Like hypothermia, a combination of elements usually leads to frostbite not cold air alone. In fact, most frostbite is the result of conduction, the rapid transfer of heat, for example, touching cold metal surfaces with bare hands. Exposure to cold temperatures and wind can quickly result in frostbite.

Signs and Symptoms of Frostbite:

• Mild frostbite affects the outer skin layers and appears as a blanching or whitening of the skin. This usually disappears as warming occurs, but the skin may appear red for several hours
• In severe cases the skin will appear waxy-looking with a white, gray-yellow or gray-blue color. The affected parts will have no feeling and blisters may be present. The tissue will feel frozen or “wooden”
• Other indicators are; swelling, itching, burning and deep pain as the area is warmed

Frostbite Prevention

Just as with hypothermia, frostbite is much easier to prevent than it is to treat. All of the items listed above for hypothermia would also apply for frostbite.

• Wear proper clothing which insulates from the cold and provides protection from wind, rain and snow
• Cover your neck and head
• Protect your hands and feet (mittens are warmer than gloves but may limit activity)
• Keep clothing and shoes loose, to ensure good circulation
• Drink plenty of fluids
• Do not diet; give your body the appropriate nutrients
• Alcohol, tobacco or drugs should not be used
• Keep moving, do not stand still
• Take breaks to go inside and warm up
• Never touch a cold metal object with your bare hands

Frostbite Treatment

If you think you may have frostbite, even a mild case, immediately seek medical attention. The following list will provide some guidelines for treating frostbite:

• Get to a place where you can stay warm after thawing; do not allow the affected body area to refreeze
• Seek medical attention (*i.e., *set medic, studio hospital or medical provider), re- warming should be conducted under medical supervision
• Warm water is best for re-warming; do not rub or massage the area, or use dry heat (sunlamp, radiator, heating pad)
• If blisters are present, leave them intact
• No alcohol, tobacco or drugs should not be used

General Precautions

The following are some additional steps the production can take to minimize the risks:

• Monitor local weather forecast information daily and conduct cold stress assessments for all areas
• Provide adequate heated shelters for cast and crew
• Maintain a suitable thermometer and anemometer (wind measuring device) at the site; these will be used to determine the equivalent chill temperature
• Charts for establishing acceptable working conditions based on temperature and wind speed, are attached
• Establish safe areas and paths, no wandering or sightseeing, this will reduce the risk of getting lost

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